Editing Epistle to the Galatians (section)

=== Under law and works of law ===
Regarding "under the law" (Gal. 3:23; [[Galatians 4:4|4:4]], [[Galatians 4:5|5]], 21; 5:18), Todd Wilson argues that "under the law" in Galatians was a "rhetorical abbreviation for 'under the curse of the law{{'"}}.<ref>{{Cite journal |last= Wilson|first=Todd A. |date= 2005-10-01 |title= 'Under Law' in Galatians: A Pauline Theological Abbreviation |journal= The Journal of Theological Studies|volume=56|issue=2|pages= 362–92|doi= 10.1093/jts/fli108 |issn= 1477-4607}}</ref> Regarding "works of the law" ([[Galatians 2:16|Gal. 2:16]]), Robert Keith Rapa argues Paul is speaking of viewing Torah-observances as the means of salvation which he is seeking to combat in the Galatian congregation. Jacqueline de Roo noticed a similar phrase in the works [[Dead Sea Scrolls|found at Qumran]] and argues that "works of the law" is speaking of obedience to the Torah acting as a way of being atoned for. Michael Bachmann argues that this phrase is a mention of certain actions taken by Jewish people to distinguish themselves and perpetuate separation between themselves and Gentiles.<ref name=":2" />