Editing Endosymbiont (section)

==== Endophytic bacteria ====
Endophytic bacteria belong to a diverse group of plant endosymbionts characterized by systematic colonization of plant tissues. The most common genera include ''[[Pseudomonas]]'', ''[[Bacillus]]'', ''[[Acinetobacter]]'', ''[[Actinobacteria]]'', ''[[Sphingomonas]].'' Some endophytic bacteria, such as ''[[Bacillus amyloliquefaciens]]'', a seed-born endophytic bacteria, produce plant growth by producing [[gibberellins]], which are potent plant growth hormones. ''[[Bacillus amyloliquefaciens]]'' promotes the taller height of [[Transgenic rice|transgenic]] dwarf rice plants.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Shahzad R, Waqas M, Khan AL, Asaf S, Khan MA, Kang SM, Yun BW, Lee IJ |display-authors=6 |title=Seed-borne endophytic Bacillus amyloliquefaciens RWL-1 produces gibberellins and regulates endogenous phytohormones of Oryza sativa |journal=Plant Physiology and Biochemistry |volume=106 |pages=236–243 |date=September 2016 |pmid=27182958 |doi=10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.05.006 |bibcode=2016PlPB..106..236S }}</ref> Some endophytic bacteria genera additionally belong to the [[Enterobacteriaceae]] family.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Pirttilä |first1=Anna Maria |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=10MZbnLKRJIC}} |title=Endophytes of Forest Trees: Biology and Applications |last2=Frank |first2=A. Carolin |date=2011-07-11 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-94-007-1599-8 |language=en}}</ref> Endophytic bacteria typically colonize the leaf tissues from plant roots, but can also enter the plant through the leaves through leaf [[stomata]].<ref>Senthilkumar et al., 2011</ref> Generally, the endophytic bacteria are isolated from the plant tissues by surface [[Sterilization (microbiology)|sterilization]] of the plant tissue in a sterile environment.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Quadt-Hallmann A, Kloepper JW, Benhamou N |date=2011-02-10 |title=Bacterial endophytes in cotton: mechanisms of entering the plant |url=https://cdnsciencepub.com/doi/10.1139/m97-081 |journal=Canadian Journal of Microbiology |volume=43 |issue=6 |pages=577–582 |language=en |doi=10.1139/m97-081}}</ref> Passenger endophytic bacteria eventually colonize inner tissue of plant by [[stochastic]] events while True endophytes possess adaptive traits because of which they live strictly in association with plants.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Hardoim PR, van Overbeek LS, Elsas JD |title=Properties of bacterial endophytes and their proposed role in plant growth |language=English |journal=Trends in Microbiology |volume=16 |issue=10 |pages=463–471 |date=October 2008 |pmid=18789693 |doi=10.1016/j.tim.2008.07.008 |url=https://research.rug.nl/en/publications/c4338aca-07f5-4222-9ecc-75142f0dbdab }}</ref> The ''in vitro-''cultivated endophytic [[bacteria]] association with plants is considered a more intimate relationship that helps plants acclimatize to conditions and promotes health and growth. Endophytic bacteria are considered to be plant's essential endosymbionts because virtually all plants harbor them, and these endosymbionts play essential roles in host survival.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Bodył A, Mackiewicz P, Stiller JW |title=The intracellular cyanobacteria of Paulinella chromatophora: endosymbionts or organelles? |language=English |journal=Trends in Microbiology |volume=15 |issue=7 |pages=295–296 |date=July 2007 |pmid=17537638 |doi=10.1016/j.tim.2007.05.002 }}</ref> This endosymbiotic relation is important in terms of [[ecology]], [[evolution]] and diversity. Endophytic bacteria such as ''[[Sphingomonas]]'' sp. and ''[[Serratia]]'' sp. that are isolated from arid land plants regulate endogenous [[hormone]] content and promote growth.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Asaf S, Khan MA, Khan AL, Waqas M, Shahzad R, Kim A, Kang S, Lee I  |date=2017-01-01 |title=Bacterial endophytes from arid land plants regulate endogenous hormone content and promote growth in crop plants: an example of Sphingomonas sp. and Serratia marcescens |journal=Journal of Plant Interactions |language=en |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=31–38 |doi=10.1080/17429145.2016.1274060 |s2cid=90203067 |issn=1742-9145|doi-access=free |bibcode=2017JPlaI..12...31A }}</ref>