Editing Endocrine system (section)

==Clinical significance==
===Disease===
{{Main|Endocrine diseases}}
[[Endocrine diseases|Diseases of the endocrine system]] are common,<ref>{{cite book |first1=Dennis L |last1=Kasper |first2=Tinsley Randolph |last2=Harrison |name-list-style=vanc |title=Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine |url=https://archive.org/details/harrisonsprincip00kasp |url-access=limited |publisher=[[McGraw Hill]] |year=2005 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/harrisonsprincip00kasp/page/n2102 2074] |isbn=978-0-07-139140-5}}</ref> including conditions such as [[diabetes mellitus]], [[thyroid]] disease, and [[obesity]].
Endocrine disease is characterized by misregulated hormone release (a productive [[pituitary adenoma]]), inappropriate response to signaling ([[hypothyroidism]]), lack of a gland ([[diabetes mellitus type 1]], diminished [[erythropoiesis]] in [[chronic kidney failure]]), or structural enlargement in a critical site such as the thyroid ([[toxic multinodular goitre]]). Hypofunction of endocrine glands can occur as a result of loss of reserve, hyposecretion, [[agenesis]], atrophy, or active destruction. Hyperfunction can occur as a result of hypersecretion, loss of suppression, [[hyperplasia|hyperplastic]] or [[neoplastic]] change, or hyperstimulation.

[[Endocrinopathies]] are classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary. Primary endocrine disease inhibits the action of downstream glands. Secondary endocrine disease is indicative of a problem with the pituitary gland. Tertiary endocrine disease is associated with dysfunction of the hypothalamus and its releasing hormones.<ref>{{cite book|title=Surgical procedures and anesthetic implications: a handbook for nurse anesthesia practice |last=Macksey |first=Lynn Fitzgerald |name-list-style=vanc|date=2012|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Learning |isbn=978-0-7637-8057-9|location=Sudbury, MA|pages=479|oclc=632070527}}</ref>

As the [[Thyroid cancer|thyroid]], and hormones have been implicated in signaling distant tissues to proliferate, for example, the [[estrogen receptor]] has been shown to be involved in certain [[breast cancer]]s. Endocrine, paracrine, and autocrine signaling have all been implicated in proliferation, one of the required steps of [[oncogenesis]].<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Bhowmick NA, Chytil A, Plieth D, Gorska AE, Dumont N, Shappell S, Washington MK, Neilson EG, Moses HL|title=TGF-beta signaling in fibroblasts modulates the oncogenic potential of adjacent epithelia|journal=Science|volume=303|issue=5659|pages=848–51|date=February 2004 |pmid=14764882 |doi=10.1126/science.1090922|bibcode=2004Sci...303..848B|s2cid=1703215}}</ref>

Other common diseases that result from endocrine dysfunction include [[Addison's disease]], [[Cushing's disease]] and [[Graves' disease]]. Cushing's disease and Addison's disease are pathologies involving the dysfunction of the adrenal gland. Dysfunction in the adrenal gland could be due to primary or secondary factors and can result in hypercortisolism or [[hypocortisolism]]. Cushing's disease is characterized by the hypersecretion of the adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) due to a pituitary adenoma that ultimately causes endogenous hypercortisolism by stimulating the adrenal glands.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Buliman A, Tataranu LG, Paun DL, Mirica A, Dumitrache C |title=Cushing's disease: a multidisciplinary overview of the clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment |journal=Journal of Medicine and Life |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=12–18 |year=2016 |pmid=27974908 |pmc=5152600}}</ref> Some clinical signs of Cushing's disease include obesity, moon face, and hirsutism.<ref name=":1">{{cite book |title=Vander's Human Physiology: the mechanisms of body function |last=Vander |first=Arthur |name-list-style=vanc |publisher=McGraw-Hill Higher Education |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-07-304962-5 |location=Boston |pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780071283663/page/345 345–347] |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780071283663/page/345}}</ref> Addison's disease is an endocrine disease that results from hypocortisolism caused by adrenal gland insufficiency. Adrenal insufficiency is significant because it is correlated with decreased ability to maintain blood pressure and blood sugar, a defect that can prove to be fatal.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Inder WJ, Meyer C, Hunt PJ |title=Management of hypertension and heart failure in patients with Addison's disease |journal=Clinical Endocrinology|volume=82|issue=6 |pages=789–92 |date=June 2015 |pmid=25138826|doi=10.1111/cen.12592|s2cid=13552007}}</ref>

Graves' disease involves the hyperactivity of the thyroid gland which produces the T3 and T4 hormones.<ref name=":1" /> [[Graves' disease]] effects range from excess sweating, [[fatigue]], heat intolerance and [[high blood pressure]] to swelling of the eyes that causes redness, puffiness and in rare cases reduced or double vision.<ref name=":0" />