Editing Emotional intelligence (section)

=== Correlations with personality ===
Interpretations of the correlations between EI questionnaires and personality have been varied, with the trait EI view interpreting EI as a collection of personality traits.<ref name="Mikolajczak07" /><ref>{{multiref2|{{cite journal| vauthors = Smith L, Ciarrochi J, Heaven PC |year=2008|title=The stability and change of trait emotional intelligence, conflict communication patterns, and relationship satisfaction: A one-year longitudinal study|journal=Personality and Individual Differences|volume=45|issue=8|pages=738–743|doi=10.1016/j.paid.2008.07.023}}|{{cite journal| vauthors = Austin EJ |year=2008|title=A reaction time study of responses to trait and ability emotional intelligence test items|url=https://www.pure.ed.ac.uk/ws/files/14842146/A_reaction_time_study_of_responses_to_trait_and_ability_emotional_intelligence_test_items.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180720093255/https://www.pure.ed.ac.uk/ws/files/14842146/A_reaction_time_study_of_responses_to_trait_and_ability_emotional_intelligence_test_items.pdf |archive-date=2018-07-20 |url-status=live|journal=Personality and Individual Differences|volume=46|issue=3|pages=381–383|doi=10.1016/j.paid.2008.10.025|hdl=20.500.11820/c3e59b2b-8367-4e8a-9d9c-9fb87c186fc1|hdl-access=free}}
}}</ref> Researchers have raised concerns about the extent to which self-report EI measures [[correlation|correlate]] with established personality dimensions. Self-report EI measures and personality measures converge because they both purport to measure personality traits.<ref name="petrides07" /> Two dimensions of the [[Big Five personality traits|Big Five]] stand out as most related to self-report EI: [[neuroticism]] and [[extraversion]]. People who score high on neuroticism are likely to score low on self-report EI measures.

Studies have examined the multivariate effects of personality and intelligence on EI and attempted to correct estimates for measurement error. One study showed that general intelligence, agreeableness, as well as gender could reliably predict the measure of EI ability.<ref>{{cite journal| vauthors = Schulte M, Ree MJ, Carretta TR |year=2004|title=Emotional intelligence: Not much more than g and personality|journal=Personality and Individual Differences |volume=37 |issue=5 |pages=1059–1068 |doi=10.1016/j.paid.2003.11.014 }}</ref> They gave a multiple correlation (R) of .81 with the MSCEIT. This result has been replicated using different inventories, finding a multiple R of .76; significant covariates were intelligence (standardized beta = .39), agreeableness (standardized beta = .54), and openness (standardized beta = .46).<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Fiori M, Antonakis J |year=2011 |title=The ability model of emotional intelligence: Searching for valid measures |url=https://serval.unil.ch/notice/serval:BIB_B46FDCF00E58 |journal=Personality and Individual Differences |type=Submitted manuscript |volume=50 |issue=3 |pages=329–334 |doi=10.1016/j.paid.2010.10.010}}</ref> A study of the Ability Emotional Intelligence Measure found similar results (Multiple R = .69), with significant predictors being intelligence (standardized beta = .69) and empathy (standardized beta = .26).<ref>{{cite journal| vauthors = Antonakis J, Dietz J |year=2011 |title=Looking for Validity or Testing It? The Perils of Stepwise Regression, Extreme-Scores Analysis, Heteroscedasticity, and Measurement Error|url=https://serval.unil.ch/notice/serval:BIB_C442A0C8EDFC|journal=Personality and Individual Differences|type=Submitted manuscript|volume=50|issue=3|pages=409–415|doi=10.1016/j.paid.2010.09.014}}</ref> Antonakis and Dietz (2011b){{full citation needed|date=July 2023}} also show how including or excluding important controls variables can fundamentally change results.

A 2011 meta-analysis found that all three models of EI have different correlations with intelligence and personality traits.<ref name=":0" /> A follow-up meta-analysis in 2015 further substantiated these findings, and addressed concerns about "the questionable construct validity of mixed EI measures", arguing that "mixed EI instruments assess a combination of ability EI and self-perceptions, in addition to personality and cognitive ability."<ref name="ReferenceC" /> A 2017 [[meta-analysis]] of 142 data sources found a very large overlap between the [[Hierarchical structure of the Big Five|general factor of personality]] and trait EI. The overlap was so large they concluded that "The findings suggest that the [[Hierarchical structure of the Big Five|general factor of personality]] is very similar, perhaps even synonymous, to trait EI."<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last1=van der Linden|first1=Dimitri|last2=Pekaar|first2=Keri A.|last3=Bakker|first3=Arnold B.|last4=Schermer|first4=Julie Aitken|last5=Vernon|first5=Philip A.|last6=Dunkel|first6=Curtis S.|last7=Petrides|first7=K. V.|name-list-style=vanc|date=January 2017|title=Overlap between the general factor of personality and emotional intelligence: A meta-analysis.|url=https://psycnet.apa.org/doiLanding?doi=10.1037%2Fbul0000078|journal=Psychological Bulletin|language=en|volume=143|issue=1|pages=36–52|doi=10.1037/bul0000078|pmid=27841449|s2cid=29455205|issn=1939-1455|hdl=10654/45887|hdl-access=free}}</ref> However, the overlap between the general factor of personality and ability EI was more moderate, with a correlation of about 0.28.<ref name=":5" />

In 2021, two review papers examined the relationship between emotional intelligence and the [[dark triad]] of personality traits, finding that emotional intelligence showed negative associations with all three dark triad domains of personality.<ref>{{multiref2|{{Cite journal|last1=Walker|first1=Sarah A.|last2=Double|first2=Kit S.|last3=Birney|first3=Damian P.|name-list-style=vanc|year=2021|title=The Complicated Relationship Between the Dark Triad and Emotional Intelligence: A Systematic Review|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/17540739211014585|journal=Emotion Review|volume=13|issue=3|pages=257–274|doi=10.1177/17540739211014585|s2cid=235779606|via=SAGE}}|{{Cite journal|last1=Michels|first1=Moritz|last2=Ralf|first2=Schulze|year=2021|title=Emotional intelligence and the dark triad: A meta-analysis|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0191886921003366|journal=Personality and Individual Differences|volume=180|page=110961|doi=10.1016/j.paid.2021.110961}}
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A 2021 meta-analysis showed that emotional intelligence was positively associated with [[secure attachment]] in adults, but negatively associated with insecure attachment styles such as anxious attachment and avoidant attachment.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Walker|first1=Sarah A|last2=Double|first2=Kit S|last3=Kunst|first3=Hannah|last4=Zhang|first4=Michael|last5=MacCann|first5=Carolyn|name-list-style=vanc|title=Emotional intelligence and attachment in adulthood: A meta-analysis|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0191886921005535|journal=Personality and Individual Differences|year=2022|volume=184|page=111174|doi=10.1016/j.paid.2021.111174|issn=0191-8869 |via=Elsevier Science Direct}}</ref>