Editing Economy of Japan (section)

=== Infrastructure ===
{{Main|Energy in Japan|Transport in Japan}}
[[File:Series-N700A-F20.jpg|thumb|left|200px|[[Shinkansen N700 Series]]]]
In 2018, Japan ranked 5th overall in the World Bank's [[Logistics Performance Index]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Rankings 2018 {{!}} Logistics Performance Index |url= https://lpi.worldbank.org/international/global |access-date=18 March 2020 |work=lpi.worldbank.org |archive-date=2 January 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140102112727/https://lpi.worldbank.org/international/global |url-status=live}}</ref> and 2nd in the infrastructure category.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Rankings 2018 {{!}} Logistics Performance Index |url= https://lpi.worldbank.org/international/global?sort=asc&order=Infrastructure#datatable |access-date=18 March 2020 |work=lpi.worldbank.org |archive-date=24 December 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201224195440/https://lpi.worldbank.org/international/global?sort=asc&order=Infrastructure#datatable |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2005, one half of Japan's energy was produced from petroleum, a fifth from coal, and 14% from natural gas.<ref>[http://www.stat.go.jp/english/data/handbook/c07cont.htm Chapter 7 Energy] {{Webarchive |url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130105175226/http://www.stat.go.jp/english/data/handbook/c07cont.htm|date=5 January 2013}}, Statistical Handbook of Japan 2007</ref> [[Nuclear power in Japan]] made a quarter of electricity production but due to the [[Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster]] there has been a large desire to end Japan's nuclear power program.<ref>{{cite news |author=Hiroko Tabuchi |author-link=Hiroko Tabuchi |date=13 July 2011 |title=Japan Premier Wants Shift Away from Nuclear Power |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/14/world/asia/14japan.html |work=The New York Times |access-date=7 February 2017 |archive-date=6 January 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170106075806/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/14/world/asia/14japan.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Kazuaki Nagata |date=3 January 2012 |title=Fukushima meltdowns set nuclear energy debate on its ear |url= http://www.japantimes.co.jp/text/nn20120103f1.html |work=The Japan Times |access-date=5 October 2013 |archive-date=23 January 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130123173421/http://www.japantimes.co.jp/text/nn20120103f1.html |url-status=live}}</ref> In September 2013, Japan closed its last 50 nuclear power plants nationwide, causing the nation to be nuclear free.<ref name="Japan goes nuclear-free indefinitely">{{cite news |date=15 September 2013 |title=Japan goes nuclear-free indefinitely |url= http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/japan-goes-nuclear-free-indefinitely-1.1855153 |access-date=9 November 2013 |work=[[CBC News]] |archive-date=29 October 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131029225253/http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/japan-goes-nuclear-free-indefinitely-1.1855153 |url-status=live}}</ref> The country has since then opted to restart a few of its nuclear reactors.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nuclear reactor restarts in Japan displacing LNG imports in 2019 - Today in Energy - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) |url= https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=38533 |access-date=18 March 2020 |work=www.eia.gov |archive-date=10 March 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200310162006/https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=38533 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Japan's spendings on roads has been considered large.<ref name="Japan's Road to Deep Deficit Is Paved With Public Works">{{cite news |author=Pollack, Andrew |date=1 March 1997 |title=Japan's Road to Deep Deficit Is Paved with Public Works |url= https://www.nytimes.com/1997/03/01/world/japan-s-road-to-deep-deficit-is-paved-with-public-works.html |access-date=15 November 2013 |work=[[The New York Times]] |archive-date=4 February 2009 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090204191732/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9500E3DC1031F932A35750C0A961958260 |url-status=live}}</ref> The 1.2 million kilometers of paved road are one of the major means of transportation.<ref>[http://www.stat.go.jp/english/data/handbook/c09cont.htm Chapter 9 Transport] {{Webarchive |url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110427071603/http://www.stat.go.jp/english/data/handbook/c09cont.htm|date=27 April 2011}}, Statistical Handbook of Japan</ref> Japan has [[Right- and left-hand traffic|left-hand traffic]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Why Does Japan Drive On The Left? |url= http://www.2pass.co.uk/japan.htm#.UoCkUL-lf-m |access-date=11 November 2013 |work=2pass |archive-date=5 January 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170105035737/http://2pass.co.uk/japan.htm#.UoCkUL-lf-m |url-status=live}}</ref> A single network of speed, divided, limited-access toll roads connects major cities and are operated by [[road pricing|toll-collecting enterprises]].<ref>{{cite book |title=All-Japan Road Atlas}}</ref> New and used cars are inexpensive, and the Japanese government has encouraged people to buy [[hybrid vehicle]]s.<ref name="Prius No. 1 in Japan sales as green interest grows">{{cite news |date=8 January 2013 |title=Prius No. 1 in Japan sales as green interest grows |url= http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/money/autos/2010-01-08-prius-tops_N.htm |access-date=9 November 2013 |work=[[USA Today]] |archive-date=9 November 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131109182624/http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/money/autos/2010-01-08-prius-tops_N.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> Car ownership fees and fuel levies are used to promote energy-efficiency.<ref name="Prius No. 1 in Japan sales as green interest grows" />

[[Rail transport in Japan|Rail transport]] is a major means of transport in Japan. [[List of railway companies in Japan|Dozens of Japanese railway companies]] compete in regional and local passenger transportation markets; for instance, 6 passenger [[Japan Railways Group|JR]] enterprises, [[Kintetsu Railway]], [[Seibu Railway]], and [[Keio Corporation]].<ref>{{cite web |author=The Association of Japanese Private Railways |script-title=ja:大手民鉄の現況（単体） |url= http://www.mintetsu.or.jp/activity/databook/pdf/10databook_p02-03.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120304150106/http://www.mintetsu.or.jp/activity/databook/pdf/10databook_p02-03.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2012 |access-date=27 November 2010 |language=ja}}</ref> Often, strategies of these enterprises contain [[real estate]] or [[Department stores in Japan|department stores next to stations]], and many major stations have major department stores near them.<ref name="Osaka dept stores locked in scrap for survival">{{cite web |author1=Nagata, Takeshi |author2=Takahasi, Kentaro |date=5 November 2013 |title=Osaka dept stores locked in scrap for survival |url= http://the-japan-news.com/news/article/0000769876 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131112133007/http://the-japan-news.com/news/article/0000769876 |archive-date=12 November 2013 |access-date=12 November 2013 |work=[[Yomiuri Shimbun|The Japan News]] |publisher=[[Yomiuri Shimbun]]}}</ref> The Japanese cities of [[Fukuoka Subway|Fukuoka]], [[Kobe Municipal Subway|Kobe]], [[Kyoto Municipal Transportation Bureau|Kyoto]], [[Nagoya Subway|Nagoya]], [[Osaka Municipal Subway|Osaka]], [[Sapporo Subway|Sapporo]], [[Sendai Subway|Sendai]], [[Tokyo Subway|Tokyo]] and [[Yokohama Subway|Yokohama]] all have [[Rapid transit|subway]] systems. Some 250 high-speed [[Shinkansen]] trains connect major cities.<ref>{{cite web |date=8 January 2011 |title=What is Shinkansen (bullet train)? Most convenient and the fastest train service throughout Japan. |url= http://jprail.com/travel-informations/tips-for-japan-rail-pass/what-is-shinkansen.html |access-date=12 November 2013 |work=JPRail.com |archive-date=28 June 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140628165652/http://jprail.com/travel-informations/tips-for-japan-rail-pass/what-is-shinkansen.html |url-status=live}}</ref> All trains are known for punctuality, and a delay of 90 seconds can be considered late for some train services.<ref>{{cite news |author=Onishi, Norimitsu |date=28 April 2005 |title=An obsession with being on time |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2005/04/27/world/asia/27iht-japan.html?_r=0 |access-date=11 November 2013 |work=[[The New York Times]] |archive-date=19 October 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141019192347/http://www.nytimes.com/2005/04/27/world/asia/27iht-japan.html?_r=0 |url-status=live}}</ref>

There are 98 passenger and 175 total [[list of airports in Japan|airports in Japan]], and flying is a popular way to travel.<ref>{{cite web |author=Aoki, Mizuho |date=7 February 2013 |title=Bubble era's aviation legacy: Too many airports, all ailing |url= http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2012/02/07/reference/bubble-eras-aviation-legacy-too-many-airports-all-ailing/ |access-date=11 November 2013 |work=[[The Japan Times]] |archive-date=8 December 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20151208182020/http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2012/02/07/reference/bubble-eras-aviation-legacy-too-many-airports-all-ailing/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Mastny, Lisa |date=December 2001 |title=Traveling Light New Paths for International Tourism |url= http://www.worldwatch.org/system/files/EWP159.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180708015751/http://www.worldwatch.org/system/files/EWP159.pdf |archive-date=8 July 2018 |access-date=11 November 2013 |work=Worldwatch Paper}}</ref> The largest domestic airport, [[Haneda Airport|Tokyo International Airport]], is [[World's busiest airports by passenger traffic|Asia's second busiest airport]].<ref>{{cite web |date=8 November 2013 |title=Year to date Passenger Traffic |url= http://www.aci.aero/Data-Centre/Monthly-Traffic-Data/Passenger-Summary/Year-to-date |access-date=11 November 2013 |work=Airports Council International |archive-date=29 January 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170129021001/http://www.aci.aero/Data-Centre/Monthly-Traffic-Data/Passenger-Summary/Year-to-date |url-status=live}}</ref> The largest international gateways are [[Narita International Airport]] (Tokyo area), [[Kansai International Airport]] (Osaka/Kobe/Kyoto area), and [[Chūbu Centrair International Airport]] (Nagoya area).<ref name="Narita airport prepares for battle with Asian hubs">{{cite web |date=25 October 2013 |title=Narita airport prepares for battle with Asian hubs |url= http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2003/10/25/national/narita-airport-prepares-for-battle-with-asian-hubs/ |access-date=12 November 2013 |work=[[The Japan Times]] |archive-date=11 November 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161111062719/http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2003/10/25/national/narita-airport-prepares-for-battle-with-asian-hubs/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The largest ports in Japan include [[Nagoya Port]], the [[Port of Yokohama]], the [[Port of Tokyo]] and the [[Port of Kobe]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The JOC Top 50 World Container Ports |url= http://www.joc.com/sites/default/files/u48783/pdf/Top50-container-2012.pdf |access-date=11 November 2013 |work=[[JOC Group Inc.]] |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160303171348/http://www.joc.com/sites/default/files/u48783/pdf/Top50-container-2012.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>

About 84% of Japan's energy is imported from other countries.<ref name="Nuclear Power in Japan">{{cite web |date=November 2013 |title=Nuclear Power in Japan |url= http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/Country-Profiles/Countries-G-N/Japan/ |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140513222356/http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/Country-Profiles/Countries-G-N/Japan/ |archive-date=13 May 2014 |access-date=15 November 2013 |work=[[World Nuclear Association]]}}</ref><ref name="Japan's Energy Supply Situation and Basic Policy">{{cite web |title=Japan's Energy Supply Situation and Basic Policy |url= http://www.fepc.or.jp/english/energy_electricity/supply_situation/ |access-date=15 November 2013 |work=FEPC |archive-date=11 July 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160711052816/http://www.fepc.or.jp/english/energy_electricity/supply_situation/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Japan is the world's largest liquefied natural gas importer, second largest coal importer, and third largest net oil importer.<ref>{{cite web |title=Japan |url= http://www.eia.gov/countries/cab.cfm?fips=JA&trk=p2 |access-date=15 November 2013 |work=[[Energy Information Administration]] |archive-date=3 December 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131203012310/http://www.eia.gov/countries/cab.cfm?fips=JA&trk=p2 |url-status=live}}</ref> Given its heavy dependence on imported energy, Japan has aimed to diversify its sources.<ref name="Fukushima Watch: Some Power Companies in Black without Nuclear Restarts">{{cite news |author=Iwata, Mari |date=12 November 2013 |title=Fukushima Watch: Some Power Companies in Black without Nuclear Restarts |url= https://blogs.wsj.com/japanrealtime/2013/11/12/fukushima-watch-some-power-companies-in-black-without-nuclear-restarts/ |access-date=15 November 2013 |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |archive-date=13 November 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131113143231/http://blogs.wsj.com/japanrealtime/2013/11/12/fukushima-watch-some-power-companies-in-black-without-nuclear-restarts/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Since the oil shocks of the 1970s, Japan has reduced dependence on petroleum as a source of energy from 77.4% in 1973 to about 43.7% in 2010 and increased dependence on natural gas and nuclear power.<ref>{{cite web |date=1 November 2013 |title=A lesson in energy diversification |url= http://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2013/11/01/editorials/a-lesson-in-energy-diversification/ |access-date=15 November 2013 |work=[[The Japan Times]] |archive-date=11 August 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160811130539/http://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2013/11/01/editorials/a-lesson-in-energy-diversification/ |url-status=live}}</ref> In September 2019, Japan will invest 10 billion on liquefied natural gas projects worldwide, in a strategy to boost the global LNG market and reinforce the security of energy supply.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 September 2019 |title=Japan to invest $10 billion in global LNG infrastructure projects: minister |url= https://www.reuters.com/article/us-japan-lng-conference-meti-idUSKBN1WB050 |access-date=26 September 2019 |work=Reuters |archive-date=26 September 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190926083241/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-japan-lng-conference-meti-idUSKBN1WB050 |url-status=live}}</ref> Other important energy source includes coal, and [[Hydroelectricity in Japan|hydroelectricity]] is Japan's biggest renewable energy source.<ref>{{cite news |author1=Tsukimori, Osamu |author2=Kebede, Rebekah |date=15 October 2013 |title=Japan on gas, coal power building spree to fill nuclear void |url= https://www.reuters.com/article/us-japan-power-outlook-idUSBRE99F02A20131016 |access-date=15 November 2013 |work=[[Reuters]] |archive-date=11 February 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160211140220/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-japan-power-outlook-idUSBRE99F02A20131016 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=International Energy Statistics |url= http://www.eia.gov/cfapps/ipdbproject/iedindex3.cfm?tid=2&pid=33&aid=12&cid=regions&syid=2005&eyid=2012&unit=BKWH |access-date=15 November 2013 |work=[[Energy Information Administration]] |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160304040512/http://www.eia.gov/cfapps/ipdbproject/iedindex3.cfm?tid=2&pid=33&aid=12&cid=regions&syid=2005&eyid=2012&unit=BKWH |url-status=live}}</ref> Japan's solar market is also currently booming.<ref name="Kyocera Boosts Solar Sales Goal on Higher Demand in Japan">{{cite news |author=Watanabe, Chisaki |date=31 October 2013 |title=Kyocera Boosts Solar Sales Goal on Higher Demand in Japan |url= https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-10-31/kyocera-boosts-solar-sales-goal-on-higher-demand-in-japan.html |access-date=15 November 2013 |work=[[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg]] |archive-date=15 November 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131115020350/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-10-31/kyocera-boosts-solar-sales-goal-on-higher-demand-in-japan.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Kerosene is also used extensively for home heating in portable heaters, especially farther north.<ref name="Japan kerosene heater sales surge on power worries">{{cite news |author=Maeda, Risa |date=25 October 2013 |title=Japan kerosene heater sales surge on power worries |url= https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL3E7LP15220111025 |access-date=15 November 2013 |work=[[Reuters]] |archive-date=10 March 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160310120456/http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL3E7LP15220111025 |url-status=live}}</ref> Many taxi companies run their fleets on liquefied natural gas.<ref>{{cite web |date=11 July 2013 |title=Japan may soon get London-style taxis |url= http://ajw.asahi.com/article/economy/business/AJ201307110082 |access-date=15 November 2013 |work=[[The Asahi Shimbun]] |archive-date=3 December 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131203095232/http://ajw.asahi.com/article/economy/business/AJ201307110082 |url-status=live}}</ref> A recent success towards greater [[Fuel economy in automobiles|fuel economy]] was the introduction of mass-produced [[hybrid vehicle]]s.<ref name="Prius No. 1 in Japan sales as green interest grows" /> Prime Minister [[Shinzō Abe]], who was working on Japan's economic revival, signed a treaty with [[Saudi Arabia]] and [[UAE]] about the rising prices of oil, ensuring Japan's stable deliveries from that region.<ref name="Japan, Saudi Arabia agree on security, energy cooperation">{{cite web |author=Suzuki, Takuya |date=1 May 2013 |title=Japan, Saudi Arabia agree on security, energy cooperation |url= http://ajw.asahi.com/article/behind_news/politics/AJ201305010057 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160304002614/http://ajw.asahi.com/article/behind_news/politics/AJ201305010057 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=15 November 2013 |work=[[The Asahi Shimbun]]}}</ref><ref name="Abe clinches nuclear technology deal with Abu Dhabi">{{cite web |date=3 May 2013 |title=Abe clinches nuclear technology deal with Abu Dhabi |url= http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2013/05/03/national/abe-clinches-nuclear-technology-deal-with-abu-dhabi/ |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160811130141/http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2013/05/03/national/abe-clinches-nuclear-technology-deal-with-abu-dhabi/ |archive-date=11 August 2016 |access-date=15 November 2013 |work=[[The Japan Times]]}}</ref>