Editing Domestication (section)

=== Fungus-growing termites ===

{{further|Macrotermitinae|Termitomyces}}

Some 330 fungus-growing termite species of the subfamily [[Macrotermitinae]] cultivate ''[[Termitomyces]]'' fungi to eat; domestication occurred exactly once, 25–40 [[Million years ago|mya]].<ref name="Purugganan 2022"/><ref name="Mueller Gerardo 2005">{{cite journal |last1=Mueller |first1=Ulrich G. |last2=Gerardo |first2=Nicole M. |last3=Aanen |first3=Duur K. |last4=Six |first4=Diana L. |last5=Schultz |first5=Ted R. |title=The Evolution of Agriculture in Insects |journal=Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics |volume=36 |issue=1 |date=1 December 2005 |doi=10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.36.102003.152626 |pages=563–595 |url=https://www.academia.edu/download/51001206/The_Evolution_of_Agriculture_in_Insects20161221-18052-s5ycda.pdf<!--not redundant to DOI-->}}</ref> The fungi, described by [[Roger Heim]] in 1942, grow on 'combs' formed from the termites' excreta, dominated by tough woody fragments.<ref name="Heim 1942">{{cite journal |last=Heim |first=Roger |author-link=Roger Heim |title=Nouvelles études descriptives sur les agarics termitophiles d'Afrique tropicale |journal=Archives du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle |language=French |trans-title=New Descriptive Studies on the Termitophile Mushrooms of Tropical Africa |year=1942 |volume=18 |issue=6 |pages=107–166}}</ref> The termites and the fungi are both obligate [[symbiosis|symbionts]] in the relationship.<ref name="NobreAanen2010">{{cite journal |last1=Nobre |first1=T. |last2=Aanen |first2=D. K. |journal=Communicative & Integrative Biology |title=Dispersion and colonisation by fungus-growing termites |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=248–250 |date=1 May 2010 |url=https://doi.org/10.4161/cib.3.3.11415 |doi=10.4161/cib.3.3.11415 |pmid=20714406 |pmc=2918769 }}</ref>

<gallery class=center mode=nolines widths=180 heights=180 caption="Domestication by insects">
File:Xylosandrus crassiusculus galleryR.jpg|Gallery of the ambrosia beetle ''[[Xylosandrus crassiusculus]]'' split open, with pupae and black fungus. The fungus decomposes materials in the wood, providing food for the beetles.
File:leaf cutter ants arp.jpg|Leafcutter ants ''[[Atta cephalotes]]'' carrying discs of leaf material back to their nest to feed to their domesticated fungus
Ancistrotermes latinotus.jpg|Inside the nest of the fungus-cultivating termite ''[[Ancistrotermes]]''
File:Termitomyces heimii.jpg|''[[Termitomyces heimii]]'' growing on 'comb' inside a termite mound
File:Termitomyces reticulatus 37340.jpg|''[[Termitomyces]]'' fungi are mutually dependent on [[Macrotermitinae]] termites for their survival.
</gallery>