Editing Doctor (title) (section)

====United States====
In the United States, the use of the title "Doctor" is dependent upon the setting. The title is commonly used socially by physicians and those holding doctoral degrees;<ref>Post (1997). Etiquette. New York: HarperCollins. pp. 306, 307, 335–336.</ref> however, there was formerly a division between [[Letitia Baldrige]] and [[Miss Manners]] on its social usage by those who are not physicians.<ref name="kip">{{Cite journal |date=July 1988 |title=Kiplinger's Personal Finance |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QgUEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA84 |journal=Kiplinger's Personal Finance Magazine |publisher=Kiplinger Washington Editors, Inc. |page=84 |issn=1528-9729 |access-date=14 April 2011}}</ref> Baldrige saw this usage as acceptable, while in contrast, Miss Manners wrote that "only people of the medical profession correctly use the title of doctor socially," but supports those who wish to use it in social contexts in the spirit of addressing people according to their wishes.<ref name=kip/><ref name="Martin2005">{{cite book|author=Judith Martin|title=Miss Manners' guide to excruciatingly correct behavior|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FOodocaTLsMC&pg=PA105|access-date=14 April 2011|date=26 April 2005|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|isbn=978-0-393-05874-1|page=105}}</ref> Miss Manners has since softened her approach, noting in her ''[[The Washington Post]]'' column that there are two approaches: "having been earned, it should be used" and "that level of education being assumed, it need not be expressly mentioned"; while she maintains that everyone should be addressed according to their wishes, she no longer states that only medical professionals use the title correctly but instead acknowledges that the title has been earned by those with PhDs.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/miss-manners-graduation-cake-is-to-be-eaten-not-reserved/2014/05/20/924f347c-dd23-11e3-b745-87d39690c5c0_story.html|title=Miss Manners: Graduation cake is to be eaten, not reserved|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date= 11 June 2014}}</ref> The [[Emily Post Institute]] similarly advises that "Socially as well as professionally, medical doctors, dentists, and other professionals are addressed by, and introduced with, their titles. People who have earned a Ph.D. or any other academic, nonmedical doctoral degree have the choice of whether to use "Dr." both professionally and socially."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://emilypost.com/advice/professional-titles/|title=Professional Titles|publisher=Emily Post Institute|access-date=19 November 2016}}</ref> Other advice columns have also noted that "it has become common to see someone with a Ph.D. addressed on the envelope as Dr., and as a consequence, deviation from convention has become acceptable."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.drdaveanddee.com/doctor.html|title=Addressing Envelope for M.D. and Ph.D.|website=Advice with Dr. Dave and Dr. Dee|access-date=3 December 2016}}</ref> The 2017 book ''Etiquette Rules!'' gives identical forms for addressing a "doctor of medicine (MD), dental surgery (DDS), veterinary medicine (DVM), etc.", and the holder of a PhD, advising in both cases the use of initials after the name for formal correspondence and Dr. before the name for social correspondence.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vJ05DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA92|title=Etiquette Rules!|pages=92–93|author=Nancy R. Mitchell|publisher=Wellfleet Press|date=17 October 2017|isbn=9780760361818}}</ref> Although the usage of the title by Ph.D. graduates has become common, its use socially by holders of professional doctorates (other than those noted) is neither explicitly endorsed nor explicitly discouraged by writers on etiquette. Miss Manners has, however, stated that a physician who has had their license revoked should be addressed by their former preferred honorific (i.e. not according to their MD degree).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/miss-manners-all-family-members-estranged-or-not-belong-in-an-obituary/2017/01/27/d272452a-d9e8-11e6-b8b2-cb5164beba6b_story.html|title=Miss Manners: All family members, estranged or not, belong in an obituary|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=27 January 2017|author=Judith Martin, Nicholas Martin and Jacobina Martin}}</ref>  It is unusual for those who hold honorary doctorates to use the title "Doctor".<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://newrepublic.com/article/117947/maya-angelou-was-ms-not-dr-against-title-inflation-america|title=Why Do People Call Ms. Maya Angelou "Dr. Maya Angelou"?|author=Mark Oppenheimer|date=29 May 2014|magazine=New Republic|access-date=21 November 2016}}</ref>

Publications from the office of the President of the United States of America also refer to PhD holders as Dr. Soandso,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/administration/eop/onap/staff/lansky|title=Amy Lansky|access-date=21 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170121000433/https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/administration/eop/onap/staff/lansky|archive-date=21 January 2017|url-status=live|via=[[NARA|National Archives]]|work=[[whitehouse.gov]]|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Jo Handelsman|url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/administration/eop/ostp/about/leadershipstaff/handelsman|access-date=21 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170122015712/https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/administration/eop/ostp/about/leadershipstaff/handelsman|archive-date=22 January 2017|url-status=live|via=[[NARA|National Archives]]|work=[[Office of Science and Technology Policy]]|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
and [[Jill Biden]], who holds an [[Doctor of Education|EdD]], used the style "Dr. Jill Biden" as [[second lady]] and continued to do so as [[First Lady of the United States|first lady]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/administration/dr-jill-biden/|title=Dr. Jill Biden: First Lady|access-date=16 February 2020|website=[[White House]]|archive-date=6 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220806081015/https://www.whitehouse.gov/administration/dr-jill-biden/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=JillBiden>{{cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2009-feb-02-na-dr-jill-biden2-story.html|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=2 February 2009|author=Robin Abcarian|title=Hi, I'm Jill. Jill Biden. But please, call me Dr. Biden}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/administration/dr-jill-biden/|title=Dr. Jill Biden|publisher=[[White House]]|access-date=19 November 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160122092757/https://www.whitehouse.gov/administration/jill-biden|archive-date=22 January 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> For addresses  (defined as "the conventional forms of address as determined by social and official custom"), [[NASA]] uses "Dr. (full name)" in addresses for PhD holders while for physicians it uses "(full name), MD", although both are addressed as "Dr. (surname)" in the salutation (which is described as "informal").<ref>{{cite book|chapter-url=http://nodis3.gsfc.nasa.gov/npg_img/N_PR_1450_010D_/N_PR_1450_010D_.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061001171434/http://nodis3.gsfc.nasa.gov/npg_img/N_PR_1450_010D_/N_PR_1450_010D_.pdf |archive-date=2006-10-01 |url-status=live|pages=93, 101|publisher=[[NASA]]|title=NASA Correspondence Management and Communications Standards and Style w/Change 3|date=25 March 2016|chapter=Appendix F: Forms of Address}}</ref> The [[National Institutes of Health]] similarly use "Dr. (surname)" in salutations for people with an MD, PhD or DDS.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://execsec.od.nih.gov/guidelines/docs/Letters_reference%20line%20and%20salutation.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150503224718/http://execsec.od.nih.gov/guidelines/docs/Letters_reference%20line%20and%20salutation.pdf |archive-date=2015-05-03 |url-status=live|title=Letters: Reference Line, Salutation|publisher=NIH|access-date=26 March 2017}}</ref> They advise using full name followed by degrees in addresses, explicitly stating not to use the title "Dr.", although an example in the following paragraph does use the title rather than giving degrees.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://execsec.od.nih.gov/guidelines/docs/Letters_address.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150503164555/http://execsec.od.nih.gov/guidelines/docs/Letters_address.pdf |archive-date=2015-05-03 |url-status=live|title=Letters: Address|publisher=NIH|access-date=26 March 2017}}</ref>

Most newspapers in the US follow the [[AP Stylebook]] and reserve the title for physicians in their house styles;<ref name=JillBiden/> notable exceptions include ''[[The New York Times]]'', which follows the preference of the individual when referring to PhD holders (although the title is not used for those with honorary doctorates),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/explainer/2000/12/why_doesnt_the_times_call_condi_dr_rice.html|title=Why Doesn't the Times Call Condi "Dr. Rice"?|work=Slate|access-date=21 November 2016|date=27 December 2000}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://afterdeadline.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/04/13/faqs-on-style/|title=FAQs on Style|work=[[The New York Times]]|at=Who's a Dr.?|access-date=3 December 2016|date=14 November 2011}}</ref>
and ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'', which similarly prefers "Dr." for PhD holders and physicians (if this is the person's choice) while stating explicitly that the title is not used for lawyers with JDs or people with honorary doctorates.<ref>{{cite book|quote=The abbreviation ''Dr.'' should be used in second reference as a title before the names of those who are generally called doctor in their professions in the U.S. … If appropriate in context and if the individual desires it, ''Dr.'' is thus used after the first reference before the names of individuals who hold Ph.D.s and other doctoral degrees. Holders of Ph.D.s in the academic world, for example, often prefer to be called doctor. It usually isn't necessary to specify that the degree is a Ph.D., M.D. or other degree. But because the public tends to identify ''Dr.'' with physicians, if the individual's specialty isn't clear in context, mention it as quickly as possible. … Generally, try to establish the person's preference for using the title. Unless you know the person has a doctorate or other qualifying degree that he or she prefers to use, use ''Mr., Miss, Mrs.'' or ''Ms.'' If the individual's only doctorate is an honorary one, do not use ''Dr.,'' except in a quotation. Lawyers, despite their J.D. degrees, aren't called doctor. In general references to M.D.s, it is more precise to use ''physicians'' rather than ''doctors.''|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3mjxg9iNAQUC|pages=71–72|author=Paul Martin|date=15 June 2010|publisher=[[Simon and Schuster]]|title=The Wall Street Journal Guide to Business Style and Us|isbn=9781439122693}}</ref> Until 1989, [[The Washington Post]] used the title for "practitioners of the healing arts (including chiropractors and osteopaths) but not for holders of PhDs or honorary degrees", after which it dropped its use entirely.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/1989/03/19/will-the-posts-new-style-raise-ahems/cf28e536-8156-4933-bf38-6ffb709f577b/|title=WILL THE POST'S NEW STYLE RAISE AHEMS?|author=Thomas W. Lippman|date=19 March 1989|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> Some sources state that AP style allows the use of Dr. for holders of non-medical doctoral degrees as long as their speciality is given.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://umc.utah.edu/communications-style-guide/|publisher=[[University of Utah]]|title=Communications Style Guide: academic degrees|access-date=2 September 2018|archive-date=3 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180903114717/https://umc.utah.edu/communications-style-guide/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gatehousenewsroom.com/2015/06/05/an-ap-style-rule-a-day-keeps-the-doctor-away/|title=An AP Style rule a day keeps the doctor away|publisher=[[GateHouse Media]]|access-date=2 September 2018|date=5 June 2015}}</ref>

The expansion of professional doctorates in clinical fields in the late 20th and early 21st centuries has led to disputes between physicians and other medical professions over who can use the title in a clinical context. This has been interpreted by some as part of larger battles within medicine, such as who gets to treat patients first and who has prescribing authority.<ref>{{cite news|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/02/health/policy/02docs.html|title=With More Doctorates in Health Care, a Fight Over a Title|author=Gardiner Harris|date=1 October 2011}}</ref> The [[American Medical Association]] calls for non-physicians (those not holding an MD or DO) who use the title "Doctor" and are in direct contact with patients to clarify that they are not physicians and to "define the nature of their doctorate degree",<ref>{{cite web|url=https://searchpf.ama-assn.org/SearchML/searchDetails.action?uri=%2FAMADoc%2FHOD.xml-0-3589.xml|title=Clarification of the Title "Doctor" in the Hospital Environment D-405.991|publisher=American Medical Association|access-date=20 November 2016}}</ref> while the [[American Osteopathic Association]] opposes the use of the title by non-physicians in clinical settings absolutely as (in their view) "such use deceives the public".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.osteopathic.org/inside-aoa/about/leadership/aoa-policy-search/Documents/H324-A-14-USE%20OF%20THE%20TERM%20DOCTOR.pdf|title=H324-A/14 USE OF THE TERM "DOCTOR"|publisher=American Osteopathic Association|access-date=20 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161121103636/http://www.osteopathic.org/inside-aoa/about/leadership/aoa-policy-search/Documents/H324-A-14-USE%20OF%20THE%20TERM%20DOCTOR.pdf|archive-date=21 November 2016|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Contrary to this, the [[Emergency Nurses Association]] has adopted as a position statement that "1. Nurses are entitled to have their educational degrees recognized and acknowledged in the same manner as other professions. 2. The proper title protection and use of accurate credentials is appropriate in the clinical setting. 3. When being addressed or introduced as doctor in the clinical environment, it is responsible practice for all healthcare providers to clarify their professional role. 4. Patients, families and the general public have a right and expectation to be informed regarding the credentials of their caregivers, including the use of the title "doctor"."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ena.org/SiteCollectionDocuments/Position%2520Statements/AppropriateCredential.pdf|title=Appropriate credential use/title protection for nurses with advanced degrees|publisher=Emergency Nurses Association|access-date=8 December 2016|date=May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150420151710/http://www.ena.org/SiteCollectionDocuments/Position%20Statements/AppropriateCredential.pdf|archive-date=20 April 2015|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

The American Medical Association launched a campaign in 2011 for states to adopt "truth in advertising" legislation.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ama-assn.org/truth-advertising|title=Truth in Advertising|access-date=9 December 2016|publisher=American Medical Association}}</ref> As a result, many states now have laws in place that protect the title of doctor when offering medical services.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.healthcarebusinesstech.com/truth-in-advertising-legisation/|title='Truth in Advertising' legislation for providers growing in popularity|date=19 October 2012|author=Renee Cocchi|work=Healthcare Business & Technology|access-date=9 December 2016|publisher=Catalyst Media Network}}</ref> In some jurisdictions, the use of the title in health care is limited to those who have both a doctorate and are licensed to practice medicine, and there is a requirement that the field of the doctorate be disclosed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oregon.gov/omb/licensing/Documents/mddodpm/mddo-dr-title-law.pdf|title=Doctor Title Law ORS 676.100 TO ORS 676.140|website=Oregon Medical Board|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030221448/http://www.oregon.gov/omb/licensing/Documents/mddodpm/mddo-dr-title-law.pdf|archive-date=30 October 2014|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>[http://www.op.nysed.gov/prof/slpa/speechguidedoctor.htm NYS Speech-Language Pathologists & Audiologists:Practice Guidelines: Using the Title "doctor"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706053428/http://www.op.nysed.gov/prof/slpa/speechguidedoctor.htm |date=6 July 2011 }} NYSED.gov</ref> Some other jurisdictions require the practitioner to hold a doctorate and to disclose the field, but make no stipulations as to licensing.<ref>[http://www.lrc.state.ky.us/KRS/311-00/375.PDF 311.375 Conditions governing use of title "Doctor" or "Dr." – Penalty.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615103613/http://www.lrc.state.ky.us/KRS/311-00/375.PDF |date=15 June 2011 }} Kentucky law</ref> Some states require name badges to be worn in medical facilities giving first name, licensure status, and staff position, although these laws may not explicitly address the use of the title "Doctor".<ref>[http://www.mass.gov/legis/laws/mgl/111-70e.htm General Laws: CHAPTER 111, Section 70E]. Mass.gov (30 June 2009). Retrieved on 2011-12-17.</ref>

Although lawyers in the United States do not customarily use the title, the law degree in that country is the [[Juris Doctor]], a professional doctorate.<ref name="Ethics Opinion 1969-5">Association of American Universities Data Exchange. [http://www.pb.uillinois.edu/aaude/documents/graded_glossary.doc Glossary of Terms for Graduate Education] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304000000/http://www.pb.uillinois.edu/aaude/documents/graded_glossary.doc |date=4 March 2009 }}. Accessed 26 May 2008; National Science Foundation (2006). "[https://www.nsf.gov/statistics/infbrief/nsf06312/nsf06312.pdf Time to Degree of U.S. Research Doctorate Recipients] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308130032/https://www.nsf.gov/statistics/infbrief/nsf06312/nsf06312.pdf |date=March 8, 2016 }}," "InfoBrief, Science Resource Statistics" NSF 06-312, 2006, p. 7. (under "Data notes" mentions that the JD is a professional doctorate); San Diego County Bar Association (1969). [http://www.sdcba.org/ethics/ethicsopinion69-5.html "Ethics Opinion 1969-5"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030411105023/http://www.sdcba.org/ethics/ethicsopinion69-5.html |date=11 April 2003 }}. Accessed 26 May 2008. (under "other references" discusses differences between academic and professional doctorate, and statement that the J.D. is a professional doctorate); University of Utah (2006). [http://www.gradschool.utah.edu/catalog/degree.php University of Utah – The Graduate School – Graduate Handbook] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080626081148/http://www.gradschool.utah.edu/catalog/degree.php |date=26 June 2008 }}. Accessed 28 May 2008. (the JD degree is listed under doctorate degrees); German Federal Ministry of Education. [http://www.blk-bonn.de/papers/hochschulsystem_usa.pdf "U.S. Higher Education / Evaluation of the Almanac Chronicle of Higher Education"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325000000/http://www.blk-bonn.de/papers/hochschulsystem_usa.pdf |date=25 March 2009 }}. Accessed 26 May 2008. (report by the German Federal Ministry of Education analysing the Chronicle of Higher Education from the U.S. and stating that the JD is a professional doctorate); Encyclopædia Britannica. (2002). "Encyclopædia Britannica", 3:962:1a. (the JD is listed among other doctorate degrees).</ref> Some JD holders in the United States use the title of doctor in professional situations, although ethics board decisions have varied on whether this is permissible or might mislead the public into believing the lawyer was medically qualified or had a PhD.<ref name="law.cornell.edu">American Bar Association. [https://www.law.cornell.edu/ethics/aba/mcpr/MCPR.HTM Model Code of Professional Responsibility], Disciplinary Rule 2–102(E). Cornell University Law School, LLI. Accessed 10 February 2009</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Peter H. Geraghty|url=http://www.abanet.org/media/youraba/200709/ethics.html|title=Are There Any Doctors Or Associates In the House?|publisher=American Bar Association|date=2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080708231553/http://www.abanet.org/media/youraba/200709/ethics.html|archive-date=8 July 2008|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> It is also sometimes used by JD holders in academic situations.<ref name="Profile of Dr. Michael Harrington">{{cite web|website=University of Montana School of Business Administratio|url=http://www.business.umt.edu/Faculty/harrington|title=Profile of Dr. Michael Harrington|publisher=University of Montana|date=2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060912040411/http://www.business.umt.edu/Faculty/harrington/|archive-date=12 September 2006|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> In 2011, ''[[Mother Jones (magazine)|Mother Jones]]'' published an article claiming that [[Michele Bachmann]] was misrepresenting her qualifications by using the "bogus" title Dr. based on her JD. The article was later amended to note that the use of the title by lawyers "is a (begrudgingly) accepted practice in some states and not in others", although they maintained that it was rarely used as it "suggests that you're a medical doctor or a Ph.D.—and therefore conveys a false level of expertise".<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2011/08/michele-bachmann-not-doctor-phd|title=Michele Bachmann Is Not a Doctor|magazine=Mother Jones|author=Tim Murphy|date=18 August 2011}}</ref>

[[Ecclesiastical]] seminaries and entitled churches award their own doctorates in the United States, e.g. the ''Doctor of Religious Science'' (Dr. sc. rel.), the ''[[Doctor of Divinity]]'' (DD), the ''[[Doctor of Biblical Studies]]'' (DBS) or the ''Doctor of Metaphysics'' (Dr. mph.). These titles are most commonly awarded to meritorious [[cleric]]s for their outstanding work or another achievement in the field of religious and biblical studies.<ref>David F. Wells (1985): Reformed Theology in America: A History of Its Modern Development. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, Grand Rapids</ref><ref>{{cite book|first = E. Brooks|last = Holifield |date = 2005|title = Theology in America|publisher = Yale University Press|isbn = 9780300107654}}</ref><ref>Mark G. Toulouse; James O. Duke: Sources of Christian Theology in America. Abingdon Press</ref>

American professional doctorates are not generally considered doctoral level degrees internationally, instead being classified as bachelor's or master's level. The [[ISCED]] mapping for these degrees, developed collaboratively between the US and [[UNESCO]], places them at master's level. As a result, holders of MD, JD, PharmD, etc. may not be permitted to use the title of Doctor in countries such as Germany where this is strictly controlled.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://internacional.ipvc.pt/sites/default/files/Reconhecimento%2520de%2520qualifica%25C3%25A7oes_EN.pdf|title=Recognition of Qualifications|page=49|access-date=18 September 2016|publisher=NARIC Portugal|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180711103735/http://internacional.ipvc.pt/sites/default/files/Reconhecimento%20de%20qualifica%C3%A7oes_EN.pdf|archive-date=11 July 2018|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.epnuffic.nl/en/publications/find-a-publication/education-system-united-states.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180901215849/https://www.epnuffic.nl/en/publications/find-a-publication/education-system-united-states.pdf |archive-date=2018-09-01 |url-status=live|publisher=NUFFIC|page=3|title=The American education system described and compared with the Dutch system|access-date=18 September 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eua.be/eua/jsp/en/upload/Review%2520of%2520Professional%2520Doctorates_Ireland2006.1164040107604.pdf|publisher=National Qualifications Authority of Ireland|page=3|title=Review of Professional Doctorates|date=October 2006|quote=The '1st professional degree' is a first degree, not a graduate degree even though it incorporates the word 'doctor' in the title|access-date=7 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110103934/http://www.eua.be/eua/jsp/en/upload/Review%2520of%2520Professional%2520Doctorates_Ireland2006.1164040107604.pdf|archive-date=10 January 2017|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/ISCEDMappings/Documents/ISCED%202011%20Mappings/ISCED_2011_Mapping_EN_USA.xlsx|title=ISCED 2011 Mappings – United States|publisher=[[UNESCO]]|access-date=7 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bleedle.net/legal-use-of-foreign-doctor-titles-the-german-example/|title=Legal use of foreign doctor titles – the German example|access-date=7 December 2016|publisher=Bleedle}}</ref>