Editing Deng Xiaoping (section)

=== International affairs ===
[[File:Visit of Chinese Vice Premier Deng Xiaoping to Johnson Space Center - GPN-2002-000077.jpg|thumb|left|Deng Xiaoping (left) and his wife Zhuo Lin (right) are briefed by [[Johnson Space Center]] director [[Christopher C. Kraft]] (extreme right)]]Deng prioritized China's modernization and opening up to the outside world, stating that China's "strategy in foreign affairs is to seek a peaceful environment" for the [[Four Modernizations]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Zhao |first=Suisheng |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1332788951 |title=The dragon roars back : transformational leaders and dynamics of Chinese foreign policy |date=2023 |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] |isbn=978-1-5036-3415-2 |location=Stanford, California |pages=9 |oclc=1332788951}}</ref> Under Deng's leadership, China opened up to the outside world, to learn from more advanced countries.<ref name=":2" /> Deng developed the principle that in foreign affairs, China should keep a low-profile and bide its time.<ref name=":2" /> He continued to seek an independent position between the United States and the Soviet Union.<ref name=":2" /> Although Deng retained control over key national security decisions, he also delegated power to bureaucrats in routine matters, ratifying consensus decisions and stepping in if a bureaucratic consensus could not be reached.<ref name=":2" /> In contrast to the Mao-era, Deng involved more parties in foreign policy decision-making, decentralizing the foreign policy bureaucracy.<ref name=":04">{{Cite book |last=Zhao |first=Suisheng |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1331741429 |title=The dragon roars back : transformational leaders and dynamics of Chinese foreign policy |date=2023 |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] |isbn=978-1-5036-3088-8 |location=Stanford, California |pages=175–176 |oclc=1331741429 |access-date=8 January 2023 |archive-date=6 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306101710/https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1331741429 |url-status=live }}</ref> This decentralized approach led to consideration of a number of interests and views, but also fragmentation of policy institutions and extensive bargaining between different bureaucratic units during the policy-making process.<ref name=":04" />

In November 1978, after the country had stabilized following political turmoil, Deng visited [[Bangkok]], Kuala Lumpur and Singapore and met with Singapore's Prime Minister [[Lee Kuan Yew]]. Deng was very impressed with Singapore's economic development, greenery and housing, and later sent tens of thousands of Chinese to Singapore and countries around the world to learn from their experiences and bring back their knowledge. [[Lee Kuan Yew]], on the other hand, advised Deng to stop exporting Communist ideologies to Southeast Asia, advice that according to Lee, Deng later followed.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 December 2005 |title=MFA, Singapore Press Release |url=http://app.mfa.gov.sg/2006/press/view_press_print.asp?post_id=1538 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302193654/http://app.mfa.gov.sg/2006/press/view_press_print.asp?post_id=1538 |archive-date=2 March 2012 |access-date=27 November 2011 |publisher=App.mfa.gov.sg}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Lee Kuan Yew|title=From Third World to First: The Singapore Story, 1965–2000|chapter=37. Deng Xiaoping's China|publisher=HarperCollins|year=2000|pages=595–603|isbn=0060197765|ol=OL9230669M}}</ref> In late 1978, the aerospace company [[Boeing]] announced the sale of [[Boeing 747|747 aircraft]] to various airlines in the PRC, and the beverage company [[The Coca-Cola Company|Coca-Cola]] made public their intention to open a production plant in Shanghai.{{citation needed|date=September 2023}}

On 1 January 1979, the United States recognized the People's Republic of China, leaving the (Taiwan) Republic of China's nationalist government to one side, and business contacts between China and the West began to grow.<ref>{{Cite web |title=United States announces that it will recognize communist China {{!}} 15 December 1978 {{!}} HISTORY |url=https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/united-states-announces-that-it-will-recognize-communist-china |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205211107/https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/united-states-announces-that-it-will-recognize-communist-china |archive-date=5 December 2023 |access-date=15 January 2024 |website=HISTORY|date=13 November 2009 }}</ref>

In early 1979, Deng undertook an [[1979 visit by Deng Xiaoping to the United States|official visit to the United States]], meeting President Jimmy Carter in Washington as well as several Congressmen. The Chinese insisted that former President [[Richard Nixon]] be invited to the formal White House reception, a symbolic indication of their assertiveness on the one hand, and their desire to continue with the Nixon initiatives on the other. As part of the discussions with Carter, Deng sought United States approval for China's contemplated invasion of Vietnam in the [[Sino-Vietnamese War|Sino-Vietnamese war]].<ref name=":33">{{Cite book |last=Zhao |first=Suisheng |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1346366969 |title=The Dragon Roars Back Transformational Leaders and Dynamics of Chinese Foreign Policy. |date=2023 |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] |isbn=978-1-5036-3415-2 |location=Stanford |pages=56 |oclc=1346366969}}</ref> According to United States National Security Advisor [[Zbigniew Brzezinski]], Carter reserved judgment, an action which Chinese diplomats interpreted as tacit approval, and China launched the invasion shortly after Deng's return.<ref name=":33" />

During the visit, Deng visited the [[Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center|Johnson Space Center]] in [[Houston]], as well as the headquarters of Coca-Cola and Boeing in [[Atlanta]] and [[Seattle]], respectively. With these visits so significant, Deng made it clear that the new Chinese regime's priorities were economic and technological development.{{citation needed|date=September 2023}}

Deng took personal charge of the final negotiations with the United States on normalizing foreign relations between the two countries.<ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=Zhao |first=Suisheng |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1332788951 |title=The dragon roars back : transformational leaders and dynamics of Chinese foreign policy |date=2023 |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] |isbn=978-1-5036-3415-2 |location=Stanford, California |pages=9–10 |oclc=1332788951}}</ref> In response to criticism from within the Party regarding his United States policy, Deng wrote, "I am presiding over the work on the United States. If there are problems, I take full responsibility."<ref name=":8" />

[[People's Republic of China–Japan relations|Sino-Japanese relations]] improved significantly.<ref>(Article 2) "The Contracting Parties declare that neither of them should seek [[hegemony]] in the Asia-Pacific region or in any other region and that each is opposed to efforts by any other country or group of countries to establish such hegemony." [http://www.mofa.go.jp/region/asia-paci/china/treaty78.html MOFA: Treaty of Peace and Friendship between Japan and the People's Republic of China] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170609105736/http://www.mofa.go.jp/region/asia-paci/china/treaty78.html |date=9 June 2017 }}</ref> Deng used Japan as an example of a rapidly progressing power that set a good example for China economically.<ref>{{cite book|last=Perkins|first=D.|date=1986|editor1-last=Barnett|editor1-first=A. Doak|editor2-first=Ralph N.|editor2-last=Clough|title=Modernizing China: Post-Mao Reform and Development|publisher=Westview|location=Boulder|isbn=0-8133-0333-8|ol=OL2537122M|chapter=The Prospects for China's Economic Reforms|page=58}}</ref>

Deng initially continued to adhere to the Maoist line of the [[Sino–Soviet split]] era that the Soviet Union was a superpower as "hegemonic" as the United States, but even more threatening to China because of its close proximity.<ref>{{cite book|author=Michael E. Marti|title=China and the Legacy of Deng Xiaoping|location=Washington, D.C.|publisher=Brassy's|year=2002|isbn=1-57488-416-6|ol=OL8743093M|page=19}}</ref> Relations with the Soviet Union improved after [[Mikhail Gorbachev]] took over the Kremlin in 1985, and formal relations between the two countries were finally restored at the [[1989 Sino-Soviet Summit]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Parks |first=Michael |date=15 May 1989 |title=Gorbachev in China: The Communist Summit: Deng and Gorbachev: Great Reformers Battling Socialist Crises |work=Los Angeles Times |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-05-15-mn-141-story.html |url-status=live |access-date=8 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729224552/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-05-15-mn-141-story.html |archive-date=29 July 2020}}</ref>

Deng responded to the Western sanctions following the Tiananmen Square protests by adopting the "twenty-four character guidelines" for China's international affairs: observe carefully (冷静观察), secure China's positions (稳住阵脚), calmly cope with the challenges (沉着应付), hide China's capacities and bide its time (韬光养晦), be good at maintaining a low profile (善于守拙), and never claim leadership (绝不当头).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Zhao |first=Suisheng |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1332788951 |title=The dragon roars back : transformational leaders and dynamics of Chinese foreign policy |date=2023 |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] |isbn=978-1-5036-3415-2 |location=Stanford, California |pages=62 |oclc=1332788951}}</ref>

The end of the Cold War and [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]] removed the original motives underlying rapprochement between China and the United States.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last=Zhao |first=Suisheng |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9781503634152 |title=The Dragon Roars Back: Transformational Leaders and Dynamics of Chinese Foreign Policy |date=2022 |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] |isbn=978-1-5036-3415-2 |pages=51 |doi=10.1515/9781503634152 |access-date=1 January 2023 |archive-date=13 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413153307/https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9781503634152/html |url-status=live }}</ref> Deng was motivated by concerns that the United States might curtail support for China's modernization, and adopted a low-profile foreign policy to live with the fact of United States hegemony and focus primarily on domestic development.<ref name=":7" /> In this period of its foreign policy, China focused on building good relations with its neighbors and actively participating in multi-lateral institutions.<ref name=":7" /> As academic [[Suisheng Zhao]] writes in evaluating Deng's foreign policy legacy, "Deng's developmental diplomacy helped create a favorable external environment for China's rise in the twenty-first century. His hand-picked successors, Jiang Zemin and [[Hu Jintao]], faithfully followed his course."<ref name=":7" />

In 1990 when he met Canadian Prime Minister [[Pierre Trudeau]] he stated "The key principle governing the new international order should be noninterference in other countries’ internal affairs and social systems. It won't work to require all the countries in the world to copy the patterns set by the United States, Britain and France."<ref>{{cite book|editor=Tiang Boon Hoo|title=Chinese Foreign Policy Under Xi |date=2017|location=London|publisher=Routledge|page=115|doi=10.4324/9781315628981|isbn=9781317242673}}</ref> Deng championed the [[Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence]] stating that they should be used as the "guiding norms of international relations".<ref>{{cite book|editor1=Neena Sondhi|editor2=Ramakrushna Panigrahi|editor3=Miao Pang|editor4=Rajashri Chatterjee|title=Comparative Development of India & China: Economic, Technological, Sectoral & Socio-cultural Insights|date=January 2021|publisher=SAGE Publishing|page=372|isbn=9789353886066}}</ref>