Editing Demographics of China (section)

== Religions ==
{{Main|Religion in China}}
{{Further|Religion in Hong Kong|Religion in Macau}}

{{multiple image
|perrow=2
|total_width=650
|header = Mapping of religions in China and Taiwan
|image1 = Chinese ancestor-gods belief by province of China (Chinese Spiritual Life Survey 2010).png
|caption1 = [[Chinese ancestorism]]<ref name="Wang2015" />{{NoteTag|Chinese ancestral or lineage religion is the worship of kin's ancestor-gods in the system of [[Chinese lineage associations|lineage churches]] and [[ancestral shrine]]s. It is worthwhile to note that this does not include other forms of Chinese religion, such as the worship of national ancestral gods or the gods of nature (which in northern China is more common than ancestor worship), and Taoism and Confucianism.}}
|image2 = Folk religious sects' influence by province of China (alternate).png
|caption2 = [[Chinese salvationist religions]], [[Confucian churches]] and ''jiaohua'' movements{{NoteTag|The map represents the geographic diffusion of the tradition of folk religious movements of salvation, Confucian churches and ''jiaohua'' ("transformative teachings") movements, based on historical data and contemporary fieldwork. Due to incomplete data and ambiguous identity of many of these traditions the map may not be completely accurate. Sources include a [https://worldmap.harvard.edu/data/geonode:wrd_province_religion_qg0 ''World Religion Map''] from Harvard University, based on data from the World Religion Database, showing highly unprecise ranges of Chinese folk (salvationist) religions' membership by province. Another source, the studies of China's [[Regional Religious System]], find "very high activity of popular religion and secret societies and low Buddhist presence in northern regions, while very high Buddhist presence in the southeast".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Wu |first1=Jiang |last2=Tong |first2=Daoqin |title=Spatial Analysis and GIS Modeling of Regional Religious Systems in China |publisher=University of Arizona |url=http://chinadatacenter.org/Files/201203201336113771.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170427135907/http://chinadatacenter.org/Files/201203201336113771.pdf |archive-date=27 April 2017}}</ref>

{{NoteTag|Historical record and contemporary scholarly fieldwork testify certain central and northern provinces of China as hotbeds of folk religious sects and Confucian religious groups. }}
* [[Hebei]]: Fieldwork by Thomas David Dubois{{sfnb|Dubois|2005}} testifies the dominance of folk religious movements, specifically the Church of the Heaven and the Earth and the [[Church of the Highest Supreme]], since their "energetic revival since the 1970s" (p.&nbsp;13), in the religious life of the counties of Hebei. Religious life in rural Hebei is also characterised by a type of organisation called the [[associations of good-doing|benevolent churches]] and the salvationist movement known as [[Zailiism]] has returned active since the 1990s.
* [[Henan]]: According to Heberer and Jakobi (2000)<ref>{{cite news |last1=Heberer |first1=Thomas |last2=Jakobi |first2=Sabine |title=Henan - The Model: From Hegemonism to Fragmentism. Portrait of the Political Culture of China's Most Populated Province |series=Duisburg Working Papers on East Asian Studies |number=32 |year=2000 |url=https://www.uni-due.de/oapol/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/Heberer-Jakobi_Henan-The-Model1.pdf |access-date=13 June 2018 |archive-date=19 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119201349/https://www.uni-due.de/oapol/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/Heberer-Jakobi_Henan-The-Model1.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> Henan has been for centuries a hub of folk religious sects (p.&nbsp;7) that constitute significant focuses of the religious life of the province. Sects present in the region include the [[Baguadao]] or Tianli ("Order of Heaven") sect, the Dadaohui, the [[Tianxianmiaodao]], the [[Yiguandao]], and many others. Henan also has a strong popular Confucian orientation (p. 5).
* [[Northeast China]]: According to official records by the then-government, the [[Universal Church of the Way and its Virtue]] or Morality Society had 8 million members in [[Manchuria]], or northeast China in the 1930s, making up about 25% of the total population of the area (note that the state of Manchuria also included the eastern end of modern-day Inner Mongolia).{{sfnb|Ownby|2008}} Folk religious movements of a Confucian nature, or Confucian churches, were in fact very successful in the northeast.
* [[Shandong]]: The province is traditionally a stronghold of Confucianism and is the area of origin of many folk religious sects and Confucian churches of the modern period, including the Universal Church of the Way and its Virtue, the [[Guiyidao|Way of the Return to the One]] (皈依道 ''Guīyīdào''), the [[Yiguandao|Way of Unity]] (一貫道 ''Yīguàndào''), and others. Alex Payette (2016) testifies the rapid growth of Confucian groups in the province in the 2010s.{{sfnb|Payette|2016}}

According to the Chinese General Social Survey of 2012,<ref>{{cite journal |last=Lu 卢 |first=Yunfeng 云峰 |title=卢云峰：当代中国宗教状况报告——基于CFPS（2012）调查数据 |trans-title=Report on Religions in Contemporary China – Based on CFPS (2012) Survey Data |journal=World Religious Cultures |year=2014 |number=1 |url=http://iwr.cass.cn/zjwh/201403/W020140303370398758556.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140809051625/http://iwr.cass.cn/zjwh/201403/W020140303370398758556.pdf |archive-date=9 August 2014 |page=13 |access-date=13 June 2018 |url-status=dead}} The report compares the data of the [[China Family Panel Studies]] 2012 with those of the Renmin University's Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS) of the years 2006, 2008, 2010 and 2011.</ref> about 2.2% of the total population of China (around 30 million people) claims membership in the folk religious sects, which have likely maintained their historical dominance in central-northern and northeastern China.}}
|image3=Taoist Church influence in China (alternate).png
|caption3=[[Taoism]]<ref>{{cite map |map=Taoism in China |map-url=http://previews.figshare.com/1117823/preview_1117823.jpg |title=Taoism's incidence by province of China |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170427135809/http://previews.figshare.com/1117823/preview_1117823.jpg |archive-date=27 April 2017}} The map illustrates local religion led by Taoist specialists, forms and institutions.</ref>
|image4=Buddhism in China (China Family Panel Studies 2012).png|caption4=[[Chinese Buddhism|Buddhism]]<ref name="Gai-Gao" />
|image5=Christianity in China (China Family Panel Studies 2012).png|caption5=[[Christianity in China|Christianity]]<ref name="Gai-Gao" />
|image6 = Islam in China, with 0.2 (Yang Zongde 2010).png|caption6=[[Islam in China|Islam]]<ref name=2010-Islam/>
}}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ Religions in each province, major city and autonomous region of China, according to the latest available data{{NoteTag|The statistics for Chinese ancestorism, that is the worship of ancestor-gods within the lineage system, are from the Chinese Spiritual Life Survey of 2010.<ref name=Wang2015/> The statistics for Buddhism and Christianity are from the China Family Panel Studies survey of 2012.<ref name=Gai-Gao/> The statistics for Islam are from a survey conducted in 2010.<ref name=2010-Islam/> It is worthwhile to note that the populations of Chinese ancestorism and Buddhism may overlap, even with the large remaining parts of the population whose belief is not documented in the table. The latter, the uncharted population, may practise other forms of Chinese religion, such as the worship of gods, Taoism, Confucianism and folk salvationisms, or may be atheist. Indeed, according to the CFPS 2012, only 6.3% of the Chinese were irreligious in the sense of "atheism", while the rest practised the worship of gods and ancestors.<ref name=CFPS2012>[[China Family Panel Studies]] 2012. Reported and compared with Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS) 2006, 2008, 2010 and 2011 in {{cite journal |last=Lu 卢 |first=Yunfeng 云峰 |title=卢云峰：当代中国宗教状况报告——基于CFPS（2012）调查数据 |trans-title=Report on Religions in Contemporary China – Based on CFPS (2012) Survey Data |journal=World Religious Cultures |year=2014 |number=1 |url=http://iwr.cass.cn/zjwh/201403/W020140303370398758556.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140809051625/http://iwr.cass.cn/zjwh/201403/W020140303370398758556.pdf |archive-date=9 August 2014 |access-date=13 June 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref>{{rp|13}}}}
|-
! Province
! [[Chinese ancestorism|Chinese<br>ancestorism]]<ref name=Wang2015>Data from the Chinese Spiritual Life Survey (CSLS) 2010 for Chinese ancestorists, and from the Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS) 2009 for Christians. Reported in {{cite news |last=Wang |first=Xiuhua |title=Explaining Christianity in China: Why a Foreign Religion has Taken Root in Unfertile Ground |year=2015 |publisher=Baylor University |url=https://baylor-ir.tdl.org/baylor-ir/bitstream/handle/2104/9326/WANG-THESIS-2015.pdf?sequence=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925123928/https://baylor-ir.tdl.org/baylor-ir/bitstream/handle/2104/9326/WANG-THESIS-2015.pdf?sequence=1 |archive-date=25 September 2015 |page=15 |access-date=13 June 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
! [[Chinese Buddhism|Buddhism]]<ref name=Gai-Gao>Data from the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) 2012. Reported in {{cite journal |last1=Gai |first1=Rong Hua |last2=Gao |first2=Jun Hui |title=Multiple-Perspective Analysis on the Geological Distribution of Christians in China |journal=PEOPLE: International Journal of Social Sciences |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=809–817 |date=22 December 2016 |issn=2454-5899 |doi=10.20319/pijss.2016.s21.809817 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
! [[Christianity in China|Christianity]]<ref name=Gai-Gao/>
! [[Islam in China|Islam]]<ref name=2010-Islam>Data from {{cite journal |last=Yang |first=Zongde |title=Study on Current Muslim Population in China |journal=Jinan Muslim |number=2 |year=2010 |url=https://doors.doshisha.ac.jp/duar/repository/ir/18185/r002000080004.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170427140204/https://doors.doshisha.ac.jp/duar/repository/ir/18185/r002000080004.pdf |archive-date=27 April 2017}} Reported in {{cite journal |last=Min |first=Junqing |title=The Present Situation and Characteristics of Contemporary Islam in China |journal=JISMOR |number=8 |year=2013 |url=https://doors.doshisha.ac.jp/duar/repository/ir/18185/r002000080004.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170624151446/https://doors.doshisha.ac.jp/duar/repository/ir/18185/r002000080004.pdf |archive-date=24 June 2017}} p. 29.</ref>
|-
| [[Fujian]]
| {{percentage bar|31.31}}
| {{percentage bar|40.40}}
| {{percentage bar|3.97}}
| {{percentage bar|0.32}}
|-
| [[Zhejiang]]
| {{percentage bar|23.02}}
| {{percentage bar|23.99}}
| {{percentage bar|3.89}}
| {{percentage bar|0.2|<0.2%}}
|-
| [[Qinghai]]
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{percentage bar|0.76}}<ref name=Wang2015/>
| {{percentage bar|17.51}}
|-
| [[Guangdong]]
| {{percentage bar|43.71}}
| {{percentage bar|5.18}}
| {{percentage bar|0.68}}
| {{percentage bar|0.2|<0.2%}}
|-
| [[Yunnan]]
| {{percentage bar|32.22}}
| {{percentage bar|13.06}}
| {{percentage bar|0.68}}
| {{percentage bar|1.52}}
|-
| [[Guizhou]]
| {{percentage bar|31.18}}
| {{percentage bar|1.86}}
| {{percentage bar|0.49}}
| {{percentage bar|0.48}}
|-
| [[Jiangsu]]
| {{percentage bar|16.67}}
| {{percentage bar|14.17}}
| {{percentage bar|2.67}}
| {{percentage bar|0.2|<0.2%}}
|-
| [[Jiangxi]]
| {{percentage bar|24.05}}
| {{percentage bar|7.96}}
| {{percentage bar|0.66}}
| {{percentage bar|0.2|<0.2%}}
|-
| [[Shandong]]
| {{percentage bar|25.28}}
| {{percentage bar|2.90}}
| {{percentage bar|1.54}}
| {{percentage bar|0.55}}
|-
| [[Chongqing]]
| {{percentage bar|26.63}}
| {{percentage bar|0.85}}
| {{percentage bar|0.28}}
| {{percentage bar|0.2|<0.2%}}
|-
| [[Hunan]]
| {{percentage bar|20.19}}
| {{percentage bar|2.44}}
| {{percentage bar|0.49}}
| {{percentage bar|0.2|<0.2%}}
|-
| [[Shanxi]]
| {{percentage bar|15.61}}
| {{percentage bar|3.65}}
| {{percentage bar|1.55}}
| {{percentage bar|0.2|<0.2%}}
|-
| [[Henan]]
| {{percentage bar|7.94}}
| {{percentage bar|5.52}}
| {{percentage bar|4.95}}
| {{percentage bar|1.05}}
|-
| [[Jilin]]
| {{percentage bar|7.73}}
| {{percentage bar|8.23}}
| {{percentage bar|3.26}}
| {{percentage bar|0.2|<0.2%}}
|-
| [[Anhui]]
| {{percentage bar|4.64}}
| {{percentage bar|7.83}}
| {{percentage bar|4.32}}
| {{percentage bar|0.58}}
|-
| [[Gansu]]
| {{percentage bar|3.51}}
| {{percentage bar|6.85}}
| {{percentage bar|0.28}}
| {{percentage bar|6.64}}
|-
| [[Heilongjiang]]
| {{percentage bar|7.73}}
| {{percentage bar|4.39}}
| {{percentage bar|3.63}}
| {{percentage bar|0.35}}
|-
| [[Shaanxi]]
| {{percentage bar|7.58}}
| {{percentage bar|6.35}}
| {{percentage bar|1.66}}
| {{percentage bar|0.4}}
|-
| [[Liaoning]]
| {{percentage bar|7.73}}
| {{percentage bar|5.31}}
| {{percentage bar|1.99}}
| {{percentage bar|0.64}}
|-
| [[Sichuan]]
| {{percentage bar|10.6}}
| {{percentage bar|2.06}}
| {{percentage bar|0.30}}
| {{percentage bar|0.2|<0.2%}}
|-
| [[Hubei]]
| {{percentage bar|6.5}}
| {{percentage bar|2.09}}
| {{percentage bar|1.71}}
| {{percentage bar|0.2|<0.2%}}
|-
| [[Hebei]]
| {{percentage bar|5.52}}
| {{percentage bar|1.59}}
| {{percentage bar|1.13}}
| {{percentage bar|0.82}}
|-
| [[Hainan]]
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{percentage bar|0.48}}<ref name=Wang2015/>
| {{percentage bar|0.2|<0.2%}}
|-
! colspan=5 |
|-
| [[Beijing]]
| {{n/a}}
| {{percentage bar|11.2}}<ref>{{cite book |last=Lai |first=Hongyi |title=China's Governance Model: Flexibility and Durability of Pragmatic Authoritarianism |publisher=Routledge |year=2016 |isbn=978-1317859529}} p. 167.</ref>
| {{percentage bar|0.78}}<ref name=Wang2015/>
| {{percentage bar|1.76}}
|-
| [[Shanghai]]
| {{n/a}}
| {{percentage bar|10.30}}
| {{percentage bar|1.88}}
| {{percentage bar|0.36}}
|-
| [[Tianjin]]
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{percentage bar|0.43}}
| {{percentage bar|0.2|<0.2%}}
|-
! colspan=5 |
|-
| [[Tibet]]
| {{n/a}}
| {{percentage bar|78|~78%}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Internazional Religious Freedom Report 2012 |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/208434.pdf |publisher=US Government |access-date=23 May 2019 |archive-date=28 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170328164846/https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/208434.pdf |url-status=live}} p. 20, quoting: "Most ethnic Tibetans practice Tibetan Buddhism, although a sizeable minority practices Bon, an indigenous religion, and very small minorities practice Islam, Catholicism, or Protestantism. Some scholars estimate that there are as many as 400,000 Bon followers across the Tibetan Plateau. Scholars also estimate that there are up to 5,000 ethnic Tibetan Muslims and 700 ethnic Tibetan Catholics in the TAR".</ref>
| {{n/a}}
| {{percentage bar|0.39}}
|-
| [[Xinjiang]]
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{percentage bar|1.0}}<ref name=Wang2015/>
| {{percentage bar|57.99}}
|-
| [[Guangxi]]
| {{percentage bar|40.48}}
| {{percentage bar|10.23}}
| {{percentage bar|0.15}}
| {{percentage bar|0.2|<0.2%}}
|-
| [[Ningxia]]
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{percentage bar|1.17}}<ref name=Wang2015/>
| {{percentage bar|33.99}}
|-
| [[Inner Mongolia]]
| {{percentage bar|2.36}}
| {{percentage bar|12.1}}<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wu |first1=Jiayu |last2=Fang |first2=Yong |title=Study on the Protection of the Lama Temple Heritage in Inner Mongolia as a Cultural Landscape |journal=Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering |volume=15 |pages=9–16 |issue=1 |date=January 2016 |doi=10.3130/jaabe.15.9 |doi-access=free}} Note that the article, in an evident mistranslation from Chinese, reports 30 million Tibetan Buddhists in Inner Mongolia instead of 3 million.</ref>
| {{percentage bar|2.0}}<ref name=Wang2015/>
| {{percentage bar|0.91}}
|-
! [[China]]
! {{percentage bar|16}}<ref name=CSLS2010>2010 Chinese Spiritual Life Survey, Purdue University's Center on Religion and Chinese Society. Data reported in {{cite journal |last1=Wenzel-Teuber |first1=Katharina |last2=Strait |first2=David |title=People's Republic of China: Religions and Churches Statistical Overview 2011 |journal=Religions & Christianity in Today's China |volume=II |number=3 |year=2012 |pages=29–54 |issn=2192-9289 |url=http://www.china-zentrum.de/fileadmin/downloads/rctc/2012-3/RCTC_2012-3.29-54_Wenzel-Teuber_Statistical_Overview_2011.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170427151725/http://www.china-zentrum.de/fileadmin/downloads/rctc/2012-3/RCTC_2012-3.29-54_Wenzel-Teuber_Statistical_Overview_2011.pdf |archive-date=27 April 2017}}</ref>
! {{percentage bar|15}}<ref name=CFPS2014>For [[China Family Panel Studies]] 2014 survey results see [http://ww4.sinaimg.cn/orj360/b8bd941fjw1fau6hf2hv4j20jg09rwff.jpg release #1] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170427133123/http://ww4.sinaimg.cn/orj360/b8bd941fjw1fau6hf2hv4j20jg09rwff.jpg |date=27 April 2017 }} ([https://web.archive.org/web/20170225053713/http://image101.360doc.com/DownloadImg/2016/12/0603/86161911_1 archived]) and [http://www.isss.edu.cn/cfps/EN/enNews/CFPSNews/2016news/2016-12-30/307.html release #2] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170225211353/http://www.isss.edu.cn/cfps/EN/enNews/CFPSNews/2016news/2016-12-30/307.html |date=25 February 2017 }}(). The tables also contain the results of CFPS 2012 (sample 20,035) and Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS) results for 2006, 2008 and 2010 (samples ~10.000/11,000). Also see, for comparison CFPS 2012 data in {{cite journal |last=Lu 卢 |first=Yunfeng 云峰 |title=卢云峰：当代中国宗教状况报告——基于CFPS（2012）调查数据 |trans-title=Report on Religions in Contemporary China – Based on CFPS (2012) Survey Data |journal=World Religious Cultures |year=2014 |number=1 |url=http://iwr.cass.cn/zjwh/201403/W020140303370398758556.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140809051625/http://iwr.cass.cn/zjwh/201403/W020140303370398758556.pdf |archive-date=9 August 2014 |access-date=13 June 2018 |url-status=dead}} p. 13, reporting the results of the CGSS 2006, 2008, 2010 and 2011, and their average (fifth column of the first table).</ref><ref name=CZ20172>{{cite journal |last=Wenzel-Teuber |first=Katharina |title=Statistics on Religions and Churches in the People's Republic of China – Update for the Year 2016 |journal=Religions & Christianity in Today's China |volume=VII |number=2 |pages=26–53 |url=http://www.china-zentrum.de/fileadmin/downloads/rctc/2017-2/RCTC_2017-2.26-53_Wenzel-Teuber__Statistics_on_Religions_and_Churches_in_the_PRC_%E2%80%93_Update_for_the_Year_2016.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170722112103/http://www.china-zentrum.de/fileadmin/downloads/rctc/2017-2/RCTC_2017-2.26-53_Wenzel-Teuber__Statistics_on_Religions_and_Churches_in_the_PRC_%E2%80%93_Update_for_the_Year_2016.pdf |archive-date=22 July 2017}}</ref>
! {{percentage bar|2.5}}<ref name=CFPS2014/><ref name=CZ20172/>
! {{percentage bar|2}}<ref name=CFPS2012/>{{rp|13}}
|}
{{Religion in China surveys}}