Editing Cyclotron (section)

===Beam types===

The particles for cyclotron beams are produced in [[ion source]]s of various types.

{{glossary}}
{{term|Proton beams}}
{{defn|The simplest type of cyclotron beam, proton beams are typically created by ionizing hydrogen gas.<ref name="clark">{{cite conference |url= https://accelconf.web.cern.ch/c81/papers/di-01.pdf|title= Ion Sources for Cyclotrons|last1=Clark |first1=David |date= September 1981 |pages= 231–240 |location= Caen, France |conference= 9th International Conference on Cyclotrons and their Applications }}</ref>}}
{{term|H− beams|H<sup>−</sup> beams}}
{{defn|Accelerating negative hydrogen ions simplifies extracting the beam from the machine.  At the radius corresponding to the desired beam energy, a metal foil is used to strip the electrons from the H<sup>−</sup> ions, transforming them into positively charged H<sup>+</sup> ions.  The change in polarity causes the beam to be deflected in the opposite direction by the magnetic field, allowing the beam to be transported out of the machine.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Muramatsu |first1=M. |last2=Kitagawa |first2=A. |title=A review of ion sources for medical accelerators (invited) |journal=Review of Scientific Instruments |date=February 2012 |volume=83 |issue=2 |pages=02B909 |doi=10.1063/1.3671744 |pmid=22380341 |bibcode=2012RScI...83bB909M |doi-access=free}}</ref>}}
{{term|Heavy ion beams}}
{{defn|Beams of particles heavier than hydrogen are referred to as heavy ion beams, and can range from deuterium nuclei (one proton and one neutron) up to uranium nuclei.  The increase in energy required to accelerate heavier particles is balanced by stripping more electrons from the atom to increase the electric charge of the particles, thus increasing acceleration efficiency.{{r|clark}}}}
{{glossary end}}