Editing Culture of New Zealand (section)

==Literature==
{{Main|New Zealand literature}}
[[File:Margaret Mahy at the Kaiapoi Club, 27 July 2011, smiling (digitally altered).jpg|upright|thumb|Children's and young adult author [[Margaret Mahy]], July 2011]]
Pre-European Māori culture had a strong oral tradition of myths, legends, poetry, songs ([[Māori music|waiata]]), and prayers.<ref name="Brit CK">{{Britannica|412777|New Zealand literature|Stead, C.K.}}.</ref> Early Pākehā writers wrote for a British audience, and described their experiences travelling and exploring New Zealand.<ref name="The 19th">{{cite web |last1=Phillips |first1=Jock |title=The 19th century – Story: Arts and the nation |url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/arts-and-the-nation/page-1 |website=Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand |access-date=1 August 2023 |date=22 October 2014 |archive-date=28 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928025219/https://teara.govt.nz/en/arts-and-the-nation/page-1 |url-status=live }}</ref> A distinct New Zealand English literary culture only emerged in the early 20th century, initially with works inspired by Māori traditions and legends.<ref name="Cultural">{{cite web |last1=Phillips |first1=Jock |title=Cultural nationalism, 1890 to 1910 – Story: Arts and the nation |url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/arts-and-the-nation/page-2 |website=Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand |access-date=1 August 2023 |archive-date=21 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921201951/https://teara.govt.nz/en/arts-and-the-nation/page-2 |url-status=live }}</ref> Some New Zealand writers began to build a reputation, most notably short-story writer [[Katherine Mansfield]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Wevers |first1=Lydia |title=Katherine Mansfield – Story: Fiction |url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/fiction/page-3 |website=Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand |access-date=1 August 2023 |archive-date=3 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603194109/https://teara.govt.nz/en/fiction/page-3 |url-status=live }}</ref>

From the 1940s, New Zealand literature began to develop into its own unique style, with writers such as short-story writer [[Frank Sargeson]], novelist [[Janet Frame]] and poet [[Allen Curnow]] achieving critical and popular success in the mid-20th century.<ref name="Brit CK"/><ref name="Making">{{cite web |title=Making of New Zealand literature |url=https://nzhistory.govt.nz/culture/literature-in-new-zealand-1930-1960 |website=New Zealand History |publisher=Ministry for Culture and Heritage, Manatū Taonga |access-date=31 July 2023 |date=24 July 2018}}</ref> Publishing outlets for New Zealand writers such as ''[[Landfall (journal)|Landfall]]'', the ''[[New Zealand School Journal]]'' and bilingual quarterly ''[[Te Ao Hou / The New World]]'' also developed in this period.<ref name="Making"/> Since the mid-1950s Māori writing in New Zealand has flourished, with internationally recognised writers including poet [[Hone Tuwhare]], novelists [[Alan Duff]], [[Keri Hulme]] (author of ''[[the bone people]]'' (1984), the first New Zealand novel to win a [[Booker Prize]]), [[Patricia Grace]] and [[Witi Ihimaera]], and short story writer [[Jacquie Sturm]].<ref name="Development">{{cite web |last1=Holman |first1=Jeffrey Paparoa |title=Development of Māori fiction – Māori fiction – ngā tuhinga paki |url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/maori-fiction-nga-tuhinga-paki/page-2 |website=Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand |access-date=17 February 2021 |archive-date=26 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126144237/https://teara.govt.nz/en/maori-fiction-nga-tuhinga-paki/page-2 |url-status=live }}</ref> New Zealand literature also has a close connection with [[Pacific Islander|Pasifika]] literature, and notable Pasifika writers include [[Albert Wendt]], [[Alistair Te Ariki Campbell]] and [[Karlo Mila]].<ref name="Makereti">{{cite encyclopedia |editor1-last=Frow |editor1-first=John|last1=Makereti |first1=Tina |title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Literary Theory |date=30 June 2020 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |url=https://oxfordre.com/literature/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190201098.001.0001/acrefore-9780190201098-e-984 |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190201098.013.984 |access-date=16 May 2022 |chapter=Indigenous Studies: Aotearoa/New Zealand|isbn=978-0-19-020109-8 }}</ref><ref name="Rodger">{{cite web |last1=Rodger |first1=Victor |title=Pacific Writing in New Zealand: The Niu Wave |url=https://www.anzliterature.com/feature/pacific-writing-new-zealand-niu-wave/ |website=Academy of New Zealand Literature |access-date=19 February 2021 |archive-date=1 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210901042330/https://www.anzliterature.com/feature/pacific-writing-new-zealand-niu-wave/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Selina_Tusitala_Marsh_ONZM_(cropped).jpg|left|thumb|238x238px|Poet [[Selina Tusitala Marsh]], 2019]]
New Zealand fiction has grown exponentially since the mid-1970s, with notable contemporary novelists including [[Elizabeth Knox]], [[Lloyd Jones (New Zealand author)|Lloyd Jones]] and [[Eleanor Catton]].<ref name="Contemporary">{{cite web |last1=Wevers |first1=Lydia |title=Contemporary fiction – Story: Fiction |url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/fiction/page-9 |website=Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand |access-date=1 August 2023 |archive-date=3 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603094725/https://teara.govt.nz/en/fiction/page-9 |url-status=live }}</ref> Children's authors [[Margaret Mahy]] and [[Joy Cowley]] have made a significant contribution to New Zealand children's literature, and for older readers authors like [[Maurice Gee]], [[Jack Lasenby]] and [[Tessa Duder]] have written books ranging from fantasy to social realism.<ref name="Fantasy">{{cite web |last1=Pollock |first1=Kerryn |title=Fantasy and social realism, 1970s–2000s |url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/childrens-and-young-adult-literature/page-3 |website=Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand |access-date=19 February 2021 |archive-date=22 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922020359/https://teara.govt.nz/en/childrens-and-young-adult-literature/page-3 |url-status=live }}</ref>

New Zealand has a strong poetic tradition; poets like [[James K. Baxter]], [[Fleur Adcock]] and [[C.K. Stead]] emerged in the 1950s with a focus on New Zealand national identity,<ref name="Brit CK" /> and were followed in later decades by poets influenced by American culture and more interested in personal relationships such as [[Bill Manhire]], [[Sam Hunt (poet)|Sam Hunt]] and [[Elizabeth Smither]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Newton |first1=John |title=The 1970s and the 'Freed' generation – Story: Poetry |url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/poetry/page-6 |website=Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand |access-date=17 February 2021 |archive-date=20 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920133526/https://teara.govt.nz/en/poetry/page-6 |url-status=live }}</ref> Modern New Zealand poetry is diverse in scope and themes, and notable contemporary poets include [[Tusiata Avia]], [[Selina Tusitala Marsh]] and [[Hinemoana Baker]].<ref name="Diversity">{{cite web |last1=Newton |first1=John |title=Diversity: since 1985 – Story: Poetry |url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/poetry/page-7 |website=Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand |access-date=9 March 2021 |archive-date=24 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924214157/https://teara.govt.nz/en/poetry/page-7 |url-status=live }}</ref>