Editing Crimea (section)

==Economy==
[[File:Koreiz - beach3.jpg|thumb|Tourism is an important sector of Crimea's economy]]
[[File:Simferopol 04-14 img18 K-Marx-Street.jpg|thumb|[[Simferopol]]'s city centre]]

In 2016 Crimea had Nominal GDP of [[US$]]7 billion and US$3,000 per capita.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mrd.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat_ts/mrd/ru/statistics/grp/|title=Валовой региональный продукт::Мордовиястат|website=mrd.gks.ru|access-date=19 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180217021320/http://mrd.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat_ts/mrd/ru/statistics/grp/|archive-date=17 February 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The main branches of the modern Crimean economy are agriculture and fishing oysters pearls, industry and manufacturing, tourism, and ports. Industrial plants are situated for the most part in the southern coast (Yevpatoria, Sevastopol, Feodosia, Kerch) regions of the republic, few northern (Armiansk, Krasnoperekopsk, Dzhankoi), aside from the central area, mainly Simferopol okrug and eastern region in Nizhnegorsk (few plants, same for Dzhankoj) city. Important industrial cities include [[Dzhankoi]], housing a major railway connection, [[Krasnoperekopsk]] and [[Armiansk]], among others.

After the Russian annexation of Crimea in early 2014 and subsequent sanctions targeting Crimea, the tourist industry suffered major losses for two years. The flow of holidaymakers dropped 35 percent in the first half of 2014 over the same period of 2013.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/tourist-season-washout-in-annexed-crimea/25446604.html|title=Tourist Season A Washout in Annexed Crimea|newspaper=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|date=5 July 2014 |last1=Yurchenko |first1=Stas |last2=Dzhabbarov |first2=Usein |last3=Bigg |first3=Claire }}</ref> The number of tourist arrivals reached a record in 2012 at 6.1&nbsp;million.<ref>{{cite news|script-title=ru:Итоги сезона-2013 в Крыму: туристов отпугнул сервис и аномальное похолодание |url=http://www.segodnya.ua/regions/krym/Itogi-sezona-2013-v-Krymu-turistov-otpugnul-servis-i-anomalnoe-poholodanie-.html |access-date=10 June 2017|work=Segodnya.ua|language=ru}}</ref> According to the Russian administration of Crimea, they dropped to 3.8&nbsp;million in 2014,<ref>{{cite web|title=Справочная информация о количестве туристов, посетивших Республику Крым за 2014 год|url=http://mtur.rk.gov.ru/rus/file/statistika_turizma_za_2014_god.pdf|publisher=Министерство курортов и туризма Республики Крым|access-date=10 June 2017}}</ref> and rebounded to 5.6&nbsp;million by 2016.<ref>{{cite web|title=Справочная информация о количестве туристов, посетивших республику крым за 2016 год|url=http://mtur.rk.gov.ru/file/spravochnaya_informatsiya_13012017.pdf|publisher=Министерство курортов и туризма Республики Крым|access-date=10 June 2017}}</ref>

The most important industries in Crimea include food production, chemical fields, mechanical engineering, and metalworking, and fuel production industries.<ref name = "CMU"/> Sixty percent of the industry market belongs to food production. There are a total of 291 large industrial enterprises and 1002 small business enterprises.<ref name = "CMU"/>

In 2014, the republic's annual GDP was $4.3&nbsp;billion (500 times smaller than the size of Russia's economy). The average salary was $290 per month. The [[Government budget balance|budget deficit]] was $1.5&nbsp;billion.<ref>{{cite news|title=Russia to cover Crimea's $1.5 billion budget deficit with state funds- TV |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/ukraine-crisis-crimea-deficit/russia-to-cover-crimeas-1-5-billion-budget-deficit-with-state-funds-tv-idUSL6N0MG4EF20140319 |access-date=17 July 2018 |work=Reuters |date=19 March 2014}}</ref>

===Agriculture===
Agriculture in the region includes cereals, vegetable-growing, gardening, and [[Winemaking in Crimea|wine-making]], particularly in the Yalta and [[Massandra]] regions. Livestock production includes cattle breeding, poultry keeping, and sheep breeding.<ref name="CMU">{{cite web|url=http://www.kmu.gov.ua/control/en/publish/printable_article?art_id=301361|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070121174522/http://www.kmu.gov.ua/control/en/publish/printable_article?art_id=301361|archive-date=21 January 2007|title=Autonomous Republic of Crimea – Information card |access-date=22 February 2007 |work=[[Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine]] }}</ref> Other products produced on the Crimean Peninsula include salt, [[Porphyry (geology)|porphyry]], [[limestone]], and [[ironstone]] (found around [[Kerch]]) since ancient times.<ref name="EB1911"/>

The vine mealybug (''[[Planococcus (bug)|Planococcus]] [[Planococcus ficus|ficus]]'') was first discovered here in 1868. First discovered on [[grape]], it has also been found as a [[pest (organism)|pest]] of some other [[crop]]s and has since spread worldwide.<ref name="Daane-et-al-2008">{{cite journal | last1=Daane | first1=Kent M. | last2=Cooper | first2=Monica L. | last3=Triapitsyn | first3=Serguei V. | last4=Walton | first4=Vaughn M. | last5=Yokota | first5=Glenn Y. | last6=Haviland | first6=David R. | last7=Bentley | first7=Walt J. | last8=Godfrey | first8=Kris E. | last9=Wunderlich | first9=Lynn R. | title=Vineyard managers and researchers seek sustainable solutions for mealybugs, a changing pest complex | journal=[[California Agriculture]] | publisher=[[University of California Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources|UC Agriculture and Natural Resources (UC ANR)]] | volume=62 | issue=4 | year=2008 | issn=0008-0845 | doi=10.3733/ca.v062n04p167 | pages=167–176 | s2cid=54928048| doi-access=free }}</ref> [[Sunn pest]]s—especially ''[[Eurygaster integriceps]]''<ref name="Critchley-1998">{{cite journal | last=Critchley | first=Brian R. | title=Literature review of sunn pest ''Eurygaster integriceps'' Put. (Hemiptera, Scutelleridae) | journal=[[Crop Protection (journal)|Crop Protection]] | publisher=[[International Association for the Plant Protection Sciences]] ([[Elsevier]]) | volume=17 | issue=4 | year=1998 | issn=0261-2194 | doi=10.1016/s0261-2194(98)00022-2 | pages=271–287 | bibcode=1998CrPro..17..271C | s2cid=83631999}}</ref> and ''[[Eurygaster maura|E. maura]]''<ref name="Eurygaster-maura-AgroAtlas">{{cite web | title=Pests - ''Eurygaster maura'' Linnaeus - Sunn Pest | website=[[AgroAtlas]] | date=7 May 2015 | url=http://www.agroatlas.ru/en/content/pests/Eurygaster_maura/index.html | language=en | access-date=15 April 2021}}</ref>—are significant [[grain]] pests.<ref name="Critchley-1998" /> [[Scelioninae]] and [[Tachinidae]] are important [[parasitoid]]s of sunn pests.<ref name="Critchley-1998" /> [[Bark beetle]]s are pests of [[Tree fruit|tree crop]]s, and are themselves hosts for ''[[Elattoma]]'' mites and various [[entomopathogenic fungus|entomopathogenic fungi]] transmitted by those ''Elattomae''.<ref name="Khaustov-2000">{{cite journal | author=Khaustov AA | date=2000 | title=Mites of the genus ''Elattoma'' (Acariformes, Pygmephoridae) from Crimea and North-West Russia| journal=[[Vestnik Zoologii]] | volume=34 | number=1/2 | pages=77–83 | url=http://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/20023164491}}</ref><ref name="Hofstetter-Moser-2014">{{cite journal | last1=Hofstetter | first1=R.W. | last2=Moser | first2=J.C. | title=The Role of Mites in Insect-Fungus Associations | journal=[[Annual Review of Entomology]] | publisher=[[Annual Reviews (publisher)|Annual Reviews]] | volume=59 | issue=1 | date=7 January 2014 | issn=0066-4170 | doi=10.1146/annurev-ento-011613-162039 | pages=537–557| pmid=24188072 }}</ref>

===Energy===
Crimea possesses several [[natural gas field]]s both [[Onshore (hydrocarbons)|onshore]] and [[Offshore (hydrocarbons)|offshore]], which were starting to be drilled by western oil and gas companies before annexation.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/ukraine-crisis-gas-crimea-idUSL6N0M41R320140307 |title=Ukraine's Black Sea gas ambitions seen at risk over Crimea |date=7 March 2014|access-date=7 March 2014|first=Henning |last=Gloystein |work=Reuters }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eegas.com/ukraine.htm |title= Ukrainian Gas Pipelines |publisher=East European Gas Analysis |date=9 February 2013|access-date=8 March 2014}}</ref> The inland fields are located in [[Chornomorske Raion|Chornomorske]] and [[Dzhankoi Raion|Dzhankoi]], while offshore fields are located in the western coast in the Black Sea and in the northeastern coast in the Azov Sea:<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-26387353 |title=Ukraine crisis in maps |date=3 May 2014 |access-date=7 March 2014 |publisher=BBC }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Name
! Type
! Location
! Reserves
|-
| Dzhankoi gas field
| [[Onshore (hydrocarbons)|onshore]]
| [[Dzhankoi Raion|Dzhankoi]]
|
|-
| [[Holitsynske gas field]]
| [[Offshore (hydrocarbons)|offshore]]
| [[Black Sea]]
|
|-
| Karlavske gas field
| [[Onshore (hydrocarbons)|onshore]]
| [[Chornomorske Raion|Chornomorske]]
|
|-
| Krym gas field
| [[Offshore (hydrocarbons)|offshore]]
| [[Black Sea]]
|
|-
| [[Odeske gas field]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.invest-crimea.gov.ua/news_body.php?news_id=504&locale=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326085019/http://www.invest-crimea.gov.ua/news_body.php?news_id=504&locale=en|archive-date=26 March 2014|title=Investment portal of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea – investments in Crimea – "Chernomorneftegaz" presented a program of development till 2015 |publisher=Invest-crimea.gov.ua |access-date=8 March 2014}}</ref>
| [[Offshore (hydrocarbons)|offshore]]
| [[Black Sea]]
| 21&nbsp;billion m<sup>3</sup>
|-
| [[Schmidta gas field]]
| [[Offshore (hydrocarbons)|offshore]]
| [[Black Sea]]
|
|-
| [[Shtormvaya gas field|Shtormvaia gas field]]
| [[Offshore (hydrocarbons)|offshore]]
| [[Black Sea]]
|
|-
| Strilkove gas field
| [[Offshore (hydrocarbons)|offshore]]
| [[Sea of Azov]]
|
|}

The republic also possesses two [[oil field]]s: one onshore, the Serebryankse oil field in [[Rozdolne Raion|Rozdolne]], and one offshore, the [[Subbotina oil field]] in the Black Sea.

; Electricity

Crimea has 540 MW of its own electricity generation capacity, including the 100 MW Simferopol Thermal Power Plant, the 22 MW Sevastopol Thermal Power Plant and the 19 MW Kamish-Burunskaya Thermal Power Plant.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newscrimea.ru/generaciya-elektroenergii-v-krymu-vyrosla-do-963-mvt/|script-title=ru:Генерация электроэнергии в Крыму выросла до 963 МВт|date=21 January 2016|language=ru-RU|access-date=11 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160914005809/http://www.newscrimea.ru/generaciya-elektroenergii-v-krymu-vyrosla-do-963-mvt/|archive-date=14 September 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> This local electricity generation has proven insufficient for local consumption, and since annexation by Russia, Crimea has been reliant on an underwater power cable to mainland Russia.<ref>{{cite news|title=Crimea goes dark after Russian shutdown leaves the peninsula without power|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/afp-crimea-left-in-dark-after-russian-power-shutdown-2017-7|access-date=28 July 2017|work=[[Business Insider]]|date=28 July 2017}}</ref>

Power generation is set to be increased by two combined-cycle gas steam turbo thermal plants PGU, each {''or should this be both combined?''} providing 470 MW (116 167 MW GT, 235 MW block), built by TPE (among others) with turbines provided by Power Machines; NPO Saturn with Perm PMZ; either modified GTD-110M/GTE-160/GTE-180 units or UTZ KTZ, or a V94.2 supplied by MAPNA, modified in Russia by PGU Thermal.

Solar photovoltaic SES plants are plentiful on the peninsula, including a small facility north of Sevastopol. There also is the Saky gas thermal plant near the Jodobrom chemical plant, featuring SaKhZ(SaChP) boosted production with Perm GTE GTU25P (PS90GP25 25 MW aeroderivative GP) PGU turbogenerators. Older plants in operation include the Sevastopol TEC (close to Inkerman) which uses AEG and Ganz Elektro turbines and turbogenerators generating about 25 MW each, Simferopol TEC, Yevpatoria, Kamysh Burun TEC (Kerch south – Zaliv) and a few others.

===Transport===
{{lacking overview|section|date=March 2014}}
;Crimean Bridge
[[File:Крымский мост 21 декабря 2019 года.jpg|thumb|[[Crimean Bridge]]]]
[[File:Crimea South Coast 04-14 img01 Simferopol-Yalta trolley.jpg|thumb|upright|Trolleybus near Alushta]]
[[File:Yalta Kanatka.JPG|thumb|Cableway in Yalta]]
{{main|Crimean Bridge}}
In May 2015, work began on a multibillion-dollar road-rail link (a pair of parallel bridges) across the Kerch Strait.<ref>{{cite news|title=Putin orders military exercise as protesters clash in Crimea|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ukraine-crisis-crimea-bridge-idUSKCN0XF1YS|date=18 April 2016|access-date=24 April 2016|work=Reuters}}</ref> The road bridge opened in May 2018, and the rail bridge in December 2019. With a length of 19&nbsp;km, it is the longest bridge in Europe, surpassing [[Vasco da Gama Bridge]] in [[Lisbon]]. The Crimean Bridge was damaged by [[2022 Crimean Bridge explosion|an attack]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-08 |title=Massive explosion reported on Crimea's Kerch bridge |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2022/10/08/europe/crimea-bridge-explosion-intl-hnk/index.html |access-date=2023-07-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221008055108/https://edition.cnn.com/2022/10/08/europe/crimea-bridge-explosion-intl-hnk/index.html |archive-date=8 October 2022 }}</ref> on October 8, 2022, and [[July 2023 Crimean Bridge explosion|another]] on July 17, 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |author=<!--not stated--> |date=2023-07-17 |title=Traffic stopped on Crimean Bridge, reports of blasts |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/traffic-stopped-crimean-bridge-due-emergency-russian-backed-governor-2023-07-17/ |access-date=2023-07-17}}</ref>

;Public transportation
Almost every settlement in Crimea is connected with another settlement by bus lines. Crimea contains the longest (96&nbsp;km or 59&nbsp;mi) [[Crimean Trolleybus|trolleybus route]] in the world, founded in 1959, stretching from Simferopol to Yalta.<ref name="Crimea">{{cite web |url=http://www.blacksea-crimea.com/Places/trolleybuses.html |title=The longest trolleybus line in the world! |access-date=15 January 2007 |work=blacksea-crimea.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103162437/http://www.blacksea-crimea.com/Places/trolleybuses.html |archive-date=3 January 2014 |url-status=usurped }}</ref> The trolleybus line starts near [[Simferopol]]'s Railway Station (in Soviet times it started near [[Simferopol International Airport]]) through the mountains to [[Alushta]] and on to Yalta. The length of line is about 90&nbsp;km and passengers are assigned a seat. Simferopol, Yalta and Alushta also have an urban and suburban trolleybus network. Trolleybuses also operate in [[Sevastopol]] and [[Kerch]].

A tram system operates in the city of Yevpatoria. In the nearby [[urban-type settlement|townlet]] village of Molochnoye, a 1.6&nbsp;km-long tram line provides the only connection between the sea shore and a holiday resort, but its operation is halted since 2015.

;Railway traffic
There are two railroad lines running through Crimea: the non-electrified [[Armyansk|Armiansk]]–Kerch (with a link to Feodosia), and the electrified [[Melitopol]]–Simferopol–Sevastopol (with a link to Yevpatoria), connecting Crimea to the Ukrainian mainland.

Until 2014 the network was part of the Cisdneper Directorate of the [[Ukrainian Railways]]. Long-distance trains provided connection to all major Ukrainian cities, to many towns of Russia, [[Belarus]] and, until the end of the 2000s, even to [[Vilnius]], [[Riga]], [[Warsaw]] and [[Berlin]].

Since 2014 the railways are operated by the [[Crimea Railway]]. Local trains belong to the ''Yuzhnaya Prigorodnaya Passazhirskaya Kompaniya'' (Southern Suburban Passenger Company), serving the entire network of the peninsula and via the Crimean Bridge three trains daily to [[Anapa]]. Long-distance trains under the name ''Tavriya'' – operated by the company ''Grand Servis Ekspress'' – connect Sevastopol and Simferopol daily with Moscow and Saint Petersburg; in the summer season Yevpatoria and Feodosia are also directly connected by them. Several times a week Simferopol is also linked with [[Volgograd]], [[Sochi]], [[Yekaterinburg]], [[Omsk]] and even [[Murmansk]] by train.

Further development plans consist of a bypass line between Simferopol and Kerch, and a complete electrification of the network with changing the voltage of the already electrified lines from 3 kV DC to 25 kV 50&nbsp;Hz AC.

;Aviation
*[[Simferopol International Airport]] is an air transport hub of Crimea.

;Highways
* А-291 – Tavrida highway (route Yevpatoria-) Sevastopol – Simferopol (SW to W N to East ring) – Bilohirsk<br /> – north Feodosia – Kerch south (strait bridge)
* [[European route E105|E105]]/M18 – [[Syvash]] (bridge, starts), [[Dzhankoi]], [[North Crimean Canal]] (bridge), [[Simferopol]], [[Alushta]], [[Yalta]] (ends)
* [[European route E97|E97]]/M17 – [[Perekop]] (starts), [[Armiansk]], [[Dzhankoi]], [[Feodosia]], [[Kerch]] ([[Kerch Strait ferry line|ferry]], ends)
* [[A290 highway (Russia)|A290]] – [[Novorossiysk]] to [[Kerch]] via the Crimean Bridge (formerly known as Highway M25)
* H05 – [[Krasnoperekopsk]], [[Simferopol]] (access to the Simferopol International Airport)
* H06 – [[Simferopol]], [[Bakhchysarai]], [[Sevastopol]]
* H19 – [[Yalta]], [[Sevastopol]]
* P16
* P23 – [[Simferopol]], [[Feodosiya|Feodosia]]
* P25 – [[Simferopol]], [[Yevpatoria]]
* P27 – [[Sevastopol]], [[Inkerman]] (completely within the city of Sevastopol)
* P29 – [[Alushta]], [[Sudak]], [[Feodosiya|Feodosia]]
* P34 – [[Alushta]], [[Yalta]]
* P35 – Hrushivka, [[Sudak]]
* P58 – [[Sevastopol]], Port "Komysheva Bukhta" (completely within the city of Sevastopol)
* P59 (completely within the city of Sevastopol)

;Sea transport
{{See also|#Strategic value}}
The cities of Yalta, [[Feodosiya|Feodosia]], [[Kerch]], Sevastopol, Chornomorske and [[Yevpatoria]] are connected to one another by sea routes.

===Tourism===
[[File:Jalta - panoramio - L-BBE.jpg|thumb|Boardwalk in Yalta.]]
[[File:Генуєзская крепость XIV ст., вид с Феодосийской бухты (3).JPG|thumb|[[Republic of Genoa|Genoese]] fortress of [[Feodosia|Caffa]].]]

[[File:Bahtšisarai-Khaani palee Krimmis.jpg|thumb|Mosque and yard in the Khan Palace in [[Bakhchisaray]]]]
[[File:The Swallow's Nest castle on the Aurora cliffs of cape Ai-Todor (2005-09-229).jpg|thumb|[[Swallow's Nest]], built in 1912 for businessman Baron Pavel von Steingel]] 
The development of Crimea as a holiday destination began in the second half of the 19th century. The development of the transport networks brought masses of tourists from central parts of the [[Russian Empire]].
At the beginning of the 20th century, a major development of palaces, villas, and dachas began—most of which remain. These are some of the main attractions of Crimea as a tourist destination. There are many [[Crimean legends]] about famous touristic places, which attract the attention of tourists.

A new phase of tourist development began when the Soviet government started promoting the healing quality of the local air, lakes and therapeutic muds. It became a "health" destination for Soviet workers, and hundreds of thousands of Soviet tourists visited Crimea.

[[Artek (camp)|Artek]] is a former [[Young Pioneer camp]] on the [[Black Sea]] in the town of [[Hurzuf]], near [[Ayu-Dag]], established in 1925.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.artek.org/History%20Artek/history%20/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150324131614/http://www.artek.org/History%20Artek/history%20/ |archive-date=24 March 2015|title=История "Артека" |trans-title=History of Artek |work=Артек |year=2010}} (This has a slow to load URL.)</ref><ref name="tub"/> By 1969 it had an area of {{cvt|3.2|km2}}, and consisted of 150 buildings. Unlike most of the young pioneer camps, Artek was an all-year camp, due to the warm climate. Artek was considered to be a privilege for Soviet children during its existence, as well as for children from other communist countries. During its heyday, 27,000 children a year vacationed at Artek. Between 1925 and 1969 the camp hosted 300,000 children.<ref>{{citation|encyclopedia=[[Great Soviet Encyclopedia]], 3rd ed. |url=http://bse.sci-lib.com/article072849.html |trans-title=Entry on Artek |title=Артек  |access-date=22 June 2020 }}</ref> After the breaking up of the [[Young Pioneer organization of the Soviet Union|Young Pioneers]] in 1991 its prestige declined, though it remained a popular vacation destination.<ref name="tub">{{citation|url=http://ukrainian.su/kryim/artek-mezhdunarodnyiy-detskiy-tsentr.html |title=Артек – международный детский центр |trans-title=The International Children Center Artek |work=Города и области Украины (Cities and regions of Ukraine)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140607133524/http://ukrainian.su/kryim/artek-mezhdunarodnyiy-detskiy-tsentr.html |date=7 June 2014|archive-date=7 June 2014}}</ref>

In the 1990s, Crimea became more of a get-away destination than a "health-improvement" destination. The most visited areas are the south shore of Crimea with cities of Yalta and Alushta, the western shore – Yevpatoria and Saky, and the south-eastern shore – Feodosia and Sudak.
According to [[National Geographic Society|National Geographic]], Crimea was among the top 20 travel destinations in 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://travel.nationalgeographic.com/travel/best-trips-2013/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121130171317/http://travel.nationalgeographic.com/travel/best-trips-2013|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 November 2012|title=Best Trips 2013, Crimea|author=National Geographic Society|work=National Geographic|date=December 2012|access-date=29 March 2015}}</ref>

Places of interest include
{{col-list|colwidth=22em|
* [[Koktebel]]
* [[Livadia Palace]]
* [[Mount Mithridat]]
* [[Kul-Oba|Scythian Treasure]]
* [[Swallow's Nest]]
* [[Chersonesos Taurica|Tauric Chersonesos]]
* [[Vorontsov Palace (Alupka)|Vorontsov Palace]]
* [[Bakhchisaray Palace]]
* [[Massandra]] Palace and Winery
* [[Novyi Svit]]
* [[Nikitsky Botanical Garden]]
* [[Aivazovsky]] National Art Gallery in [[Feodosia]]
* [[Naval museum complex Balaklava]]
* [[Valley of Ghosts (Crimea)|The Valley of Ghosts]]
}}

===Sanctions===
{{main|International sanctions during the Russo-Ukrainian War}}

Following Russia's largely unrecognized annexation of Crimea, the [[European Union]], the United States, Canada, Australia, Japan, and several other countries (including Ukraine) imposed [[economic sanctions]] against Russia, including some specifically targeting Crimea. Many of these sanctions were directed at individuals—both Russian and Crimean.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-03-19/australia-sanctions-russia-ukraine/5331826 |title=Australia imposes sanctions on Russians after annexation of Crimea from Ukraine |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |date=19 March 2014 |access-date=29 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.foxnews.com/world/japan-imposes-sanctions-against-russia-over-crimea-independence/ |title=Japan imposes sanctions against Russia over Crimea independence |publisher=Fox News Channel |date=18 March 2014 |access-date=29 March 2015}}</ref> In general they prohibit the sale, supply, transfer, or export of [[Good (economics)|goods]] and technology in several sectors, including services directly related to tourism and infrastructure. They list seven ports where [[cruise ship]]s cannot dock.<ref>{{cite web|title=EU sanctions add to Putin's Crimea headache|url=https://euobserver.com/foreign/126986|work=EUobserver|date=18 December 2014 |access-date=28 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/regulations/SOR-2014-60/page-1.html |title=Special Economic Measures (Ukraine) Regulations |publisher=Canadian Justice Laws Website |date=17 March 2014 |access-date=30 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dfat.gov.au/international-relations/security/sanctions/Pages/consolidated-list.aspx |title=Australia and sanctions – Consolidated List – Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade |publisher=Dfat.gov.au |date=25 March 2015 |access-date=29 March 2015 |archive-date=29 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200229083957/https://www.dfat.gov.au/international-relations/security/sanctions/Pages/consolidated-list.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms_Data/docs/pressdata/en/cfsp/142174.pdf |title=Declaration by the High Representative on behalf of the European Union on the alignment of certain third countries with the Council Decision 2014/145/CFSPconcerning restrictive measures in respect of actions undermining or threatening the territorial integrity, sovereignty and independence of Ukraine |publisher=European Union|date=11 April 2014 |access-date=29 March 2015}}</ref> Sanctions against individuals include travel bans and asset freezes. [[Visa Inc.|Visa]] and [[MasterCard]] temporarily stopped service in Crimea in December 2014.<ref>{{cite news|title=Crimea hit by multiple sanctions as power, transport and banking communications are cut off|url=http://www.kyivpost.com/content/kyiv-post-plus/crimea-hit-by-multiple-sanctions-as-power-transport-and-banking-communications-are-cut-off-376206.html|access-date=28 March 2015|work=Kyiv Post}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Visa and MasterCard quit Crimea over US sanctions|url=http://www.euronews.com/2014/12/26/visa-and-mastercard-quit-crimea-over-us-sanctions/|access-date=28 March 2015|agency=Euronews}}</ref> The Russian national payment card system allows Visa and MasterCard cards issued by Russian banks to work in Crimea.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Makortoff |first1=Kalyeena |last2=correspondent |first2=Kalyeena Makortoff Banking |date=2022-03-06 |title=Mastercard and Visa block in Russia does not stop domestic purchases |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2022/mar/06/russians-visa-mastercard-ban-domestic-purchases-mir |access-date=2024-07-24 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-07 |title=What happened to Russian fintech after the global 'cancelling' |url=https://www.finextra.com/blogposting/23521/what-happened-to-russian-fintech-after-the-global-cancelling |access-date=2024-07-24 |website=Finextra Research |language=en}}</ref> The [[Mir (payment system)|Mir payment system]] operated by the [[Central Bank of Russia]] operates in Crimea<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cards of Russia's Mir payment system will start working in Crimea in December — official |url=https://tass.com/economy/810614 |access-date=2024-07-24 |website=TASS}}</ref> as well as MasterCard<ref>{{Cite web |title=MasterCard ready to resume operation in Crimea after sanctions lifted |url=https://tass.com/russia/773646 |access-date=2024-07-24 |website=TASS}}</ref> and Visa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Operations with Visa, MasterCard cards may resume in Crimea by year-end — NSPC CEO |url=https://tass.com/economy/797272 |access-date=2024-07-24 |website=TASS}}</ref> However, there are no major international banks in Crimea.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/ukraine-crisis-crimea-banks-idUSL6N0N01X620140409|title=Sanctions trump patriotism for Russian banks in Crimea|date=9 April 2014|work=Reuters|access-date=1 August 2019}}</ref>