Editing Cranberry (section)

=== Phytochemicals===
Raw cranberries, cranberry juice and cranberry extracts are a source of [[polyphenol]]s – including [[proanthocyanidin]]s, [[flavonol]]s<ref>{{Cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.plantsci.2004.06.001 |title=Flavonoid composition over fruit development and maturation in American cranberry, Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait |year=2004 |last1=Vvedenskaya |first1=Irina O |last2=Vorsa |first2=Nicholi |journal=Plant Science |volume=167 |issue=5 |pages=1043|bibcode=2004PlnSc.167.1043V }}</ref> and [[quercetin]].<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Duthie SJ, Jenkinson AM, Crozier A |title=The effects of cranberry juice consumption on antioxidant status and biomarkers relating to heart disease and cancer in healthy human volunteers |journal=Eur J Nutr |volume=45 |issue=2 |pages=113–22 |date=March 2006 |pmid=16032375 |doi=10.1007/s00394-005-0572-9 |s2cid=46727119 |display-authors=etal}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Zheng W, Wang SY |title=Oxygen radical absorbing capacity of phenolics in blueberries, cranberries, chokeberries, and lingonberries |journal=J Agric Food Chem |volume=51 |issue=2 |pages=502–9 |date=January 2003 |pmid=12517117 |doi=10.1021/jf020728u |bibcode=2003JAFC...51..502Z }}</ref> These [[phytochemical]] compounds are being studied [[in vivo]] and [[in vitro]] for possible effects on the cardiovascular system, immune system and cancer.<ref name="blumberg">{{cite journal |pmid=24228191 |pmc=3823508 |year=2013 |last1=Blumberg |first1=JB |title=Cranberries and their bioactive constituents in human health |journal=Advances in Nutrition |volume=4 |issue=6 |pages=618–32 |last2=Camesano |first2=TA |last3=Cassidy |first3=A |last4=Kris-Etherton |first4=P |last5=Howell |first5=A |last6=Manach |first6=C |last7=Ostertag |first7=LM |last8=Sies |first8=H |last9=Skulas-Ray |first9=A |last10=Vita |first10=JA |doi=10.3945/an.113.004473}}</ref><ref name="mskcc">{{Cite web |url=https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/integrative-medicine/herbs/cranberry |title=Cranberry |publisher=Gerstner Sloan Kettering Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center |location=New York |date=2016}}</ref> However, there is no confirmation from human studies that consuming cranberry polyphenols provides anti-cancer, immune, or cardiovascular benefits.<ref name=mskcc/> Potential is limited by poor [[bioavailability|absorption]] and rapid excretion.<ref name=blumberg/>

Cranberry juice contains a high [[molecular mass|molecular weight]] non-[[Dialysis (chemistry)|dializable]] material that is under research for its potential to affect formation of [[Dental plaque|plaque]] by ''[[Streptococcus mutans]]'' pathogens that cause tooth decay.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.webmd.com/content/article/115/111780 |title=Blocking tooth decay |author=Miranda Hill |publisher=Webmd.com |date=23 November 2005 |access-date=13 November 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Koo, H. |author2=Nino de Guzman, P. |author3=Schobel, B.D. |author4=Vacca Smith, A.V. |author5= Bowen W.H. |name-list-style=amp |title=Influence of Cranberry Juice on Glucan-Mediated Processes Involved in Streptococcus mutans Biofilm Development. |journal=Caries Research |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=20–27 |date=January 2006 |doi=10.1159/000088901|pmid=16352876 |s2cid=22205175 }}</ref> Cranberry juice components are also being studied for possible effects on [[kidney stone]] formation.<ref name=mskcc/><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=McHarg T, Rodgers A, Charlton K |title=Influence of cranberry juice on the urinary risk factors for calcium oxalate kidney stone formation |journal=BJU Int. |volume=92 |issue=7 |pages=765–8 |date=November 2003 |pmid=14616463 |doi=10.1046/j.1464-410X.2003.04472.x|s2cid=39898498 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Kessler T, Jansen B, Hesse A |title=Effect of blackcurrant-, cranberry- and plum juice consumption on risk factors associated with kidney stone formation |journal=Eur J Clin Nutr |volume=56 |issue=10 |pages=1020–3 |date=October 2002 |pmid=12373623 |doi=10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601442 |doi-access=free }}</ref>