Editing Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor (section)

==Politics==
[[File:Conrad II et prince impérial, vitrail roman, Cathédrale de Strasbourg.jpg|thumb|upright|Conrad II, 12th-century stained glass window, [[Strasbourg Cathedral]]]]

Conrad formally confirmed the popular [[legal]] traditions of [[Saxony]] and issued new constitutions for [[Lombardy]]. In 1028 at [[Aachen]], he had his son Henry elected and anointed king of [[Germany]]. Henry married [[Gunhilda of Denmark]], daughter of King [[Cnut]] the Great of [[England]], [[Denmark]] and [[Norway]] by [[Emma of Normandy]]. This was an arrangement that Conrad had made many years prior when he gave Canute parts of northern Germany to administer.<ref name="Bolton2017">{{Cite book |last=Timothy Bolton |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5ssCDgAAQBAJ |title=Cnut the Great |page= 162 |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2017 |isbn=978-0-300-20833-7}}</ref> Henry, who would later become Emperor [[Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry III]], became his father's chief counselor.
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Conrad campaigned unsuccessfully against [[Poland]] in 1028–1030. In 1031, Conrad and the [[Kievan Rus']] forced King [[Mieszko II of Poland|Mieszko II]], son and heir of [[Boleslaw I of Poland|Bolesław I]], to make peace and return the land that Bolesław had taken from the Empire during the reign of Henry II. Mieszko II was compelled to give up his royal title, and for the remainder of his troubled rule became the Duke of Poland and Conrad's vassal.

In 1029 some [[Bavaria]]n border conflicts undermined the good relations with [[Stephen I of Hungary]]. One year later Conrad launched a campaign against [[Kingdom of Hungary|Hungary]]. The Hungarians successfully used [[Scorched earth|scorched earth tactics]], and Conrad had to withdraw his army. Finally, the Hungarian army forced him to surrender at [[Vienna]]. After his defeat, Conrad was obliged to cede some border territory to Hungary.

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When King [[Rudolph III of Burgundy]] died on 2 February 1032, Conrad claimed the kingship on the basis of an inheritance that Henry II had extorted from Rudolph in 1006, after Henry invaded [[Kingdom of Burgundy|Burgundy]] to enforce his claim in 1016. Despite some opposition, the Burgundian and Provençal nobles paid homage to Conrad in [[Zürich]] in 1034. This Kingdom of Burgundy, later known as the [[Kingdom of Arles]] from the 12th century, corresponded to most of the southeastern quarter of modern France and included western Switzerland, the Franche-Comté and Dauphiné. It did not include the smaller [[Duchy of Burgundy]] to the north, ruled by a cadet branch of the Capetian [[King of France]]. (Most of the former Kingdom of Burgundy/Arles was incorporated into France piecemeal over the next centuries, but "King of Burgundy" remained one of the Holy Roman Emperor's subsidiary titles until the dissolution of the Empire in 1806.)

Conrad upheld the rights of the ''valvassores'' (knights and [[Burgher (social class)|burghers]] of the cities) of [[Italy]] against Archbishop Aribert of Milan and the local nobles. The nobles, as vassal lords, and the [[bishop]] had conspired to rescind rights from the burghers. Conrad restored order with skilful diplomacy and luck.<ref name="MöllerAmmerich2015"/>