Editing Commuter rail (section)

===Europe===
{{See also|Commuter rail in the United Kingdom|List of suburban and commuter rail systems}}
[[File:Ny pendeltag stockholm.jpg|thumb|right|Type [[SL X60|X60]] at Stockholm Central in Sweden]]
Major metropolitan areas in most European countries are usually served by extensive commuter/suburban rail systems. Well-known examples include [[BG Voz]] in [[Belgrade]] (Serbia), [[S-Bahn]] in Germany, Austria and German-speaking areas of Switzerland, [[Proastiakos]] in Greece, [[Réseau Express Régional|RER]] in France and Belgium, Servizio ferroviario suburbano in Italy, [[Cercanías]] and [[Rodalies de Catalunya|Rodalies]] ([[Catalonia]]) in Spain, [[CP Urban Services]] in Portugal, [[Esko Prague|Esko]] in [[Prague]] and [[Ostrava]] (Czech Republic), [[HÉV]] in [[Budapest]] (Hungary) and [[Dublin Area Rapid Transit|DART]] in [[Dublin]] (Ireland).

====Western Europe====
[[File:Testfahrt SBB S-bahnzug RABe-511-001 Re-450-s.jpg|thumb|right|[[Stadler KISS]] and [[SBB-CFF-FFS Re 450|Re 450]] hauled double-decker cars of [[Zurich S-Bahn]]]]

[[London]] has multiple commuter rail routes:
* The [[Elizabeth line]] runs on a {{convert|22|km|abbr=off|adj=on}} east–west twin tunnel under central London ([[Crossrail]] project) as its central core section.
* [[Thameslink]] brings together several branches from northern and southern suburbs and satellite towns in to a high frequency central tunnel underneath London.
* The [[London Overground]], by contrast, skirts through the inner suburbs with lines mostly independent of each other, although there are several branches. The [[Watford DC line]], partly shared with underground trains, uses third rail, but parallels a main line using overhead wires. The [[East London line]] and [[North London line]] run at metro-like frequencies in inner London, which make them nearly indistinguishable from metro systems apart from the fact that the tracks are shared with freight trains.
* The [[Metropolitan line]], despite being part of the [[London Underground]], is a commuter rail route as it links the [[City of London]] to commuter towns outside [[Greater London]] such as [[Rickmansworth]], [[Amersham]] and [[Chesham]], where it runs to a timetable, being the only [[London Underground]] line with a public timetable published. It also shares tracks with [[Chiltern Railways]] main line services between London and [[Aylesbury]].

The [[Merseyrail]] network in [[Liverpool]] consists of two commuter rail routes powered by third rail, both of which branch out at one end. At the other, the [[Northern line (Merseyrail)|Northern line]] continues out of the city centre to a mainline rail interchange, while the [[Wirral line]] has a city-centre loop.

[[Birmingham]] has four suburban routes which operate out of [[Birmingham New Street]] & [[Birmingham Moor Street]] stations, one of which is operated using diesel trains.

The [[Tyneside Electrics]] system in [[Newcastle upon Tyne]] existed from 1904 to 1967 using DC third rail. [[British Rail]] did not have the budget to maintain the ageing electrification system. The [[Riverside Branch]] was closed, while the remaining lines were de-electrified. 13 years later, they were re-electrified using DC overhead wires, and now form the [[Tyne & Wear Metro]] Yellow Line.

Many of the rail services around [[Glasgow]] are branded as [[Strathclyde Partnership for Transport]]. The network includes most electrified Scottish rail routes.

The [[West Yorkshire Passenger Transport Executive]] run eleven services which feed into Leeds, connecting the city with commuter areas and neighbouring urban centres in the [[West Yorkshire Built-up Area]].

[[MetroWest (Bristol)|MetroWest]] is a proposed network in [[Bristol]], northern [[Somerset]] & southern [[Gloucestershire]]. The four-tracking of the line between [[Bristol Temple Meads railway station|Bristol Temple Meads]] and [[Bristol Parkway railway station|Bristol Parkway]] stations will enable local rail services to be separated from long-distance trains.

The [[Réseau Express Régional|Réseau express régional d'Île-de-France]] (RER) is a commuter rail network in the agglomeration of [[Paris]]. In the centre the RER has high frequency underground corridors where several suburban branches feed similar to a [[rapid transit]] system.

Commuter rail systems in [[German language|German-speaking regions]] are called [[S-Bahn]]. While in some major cities S-Bahn services run on separate lines exclusively other systems use the existing regional rail tracks.

[[Randstadspoor]] is a network of [[Nederlandse Spoorwegen#Types of train service|Sprinter]] train services in and around the city of [[Utrecht]] in the Netherlands. For the realisation of this network, new stations were opened. Separate tracks have been built for these trains, so they can call frequently without disturbing high-frequent Intercity services parallel to these routes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.provincie-utrecht.nl/onderwerpen/mobiliteit/spoorprojecten#randstadspoor|title=Spoorprojecten|publisher=Provincie Utrecht|access-date=2021-02-09}}</ref> Similar systems are planned for [[The Hague]] and [[Rotterdam]].

====Northern Europe====
In Sweden, electrified commuter rail systems known as ''Pendeltåg'' are present in the cities of [[Stockholm]] and [[Gothenburg]]. The [[Stockholm commuter rail]] system, which began in 1968, shares railway tracks with inter-city trains and freight trains, but for the most part runs on its own dedicated tracks. It is primarily used to transport passengers from nearby towns and other suburban areas into the city centre, not for transportation inside the city centre. The [[Gothenburg commuter rail]] system, which began in 1960, is similar to the Stockholm system, but does fully share tracks with long-distance trains.

In Norway, the [[Oslo Commuter Rail|Oslo commuter rail]] system is from 2022 more limited but the remaining commuter lines go on tracks mostly not much used by other trains. From 2022 several lines with hourly frequency and travel times to endpoints of over one hour are redefined as regional trains. Before 2022 Oslo had the largest commuter rail system in the Nordic countries in terms of line lengths and number of stations. Also [[Bergen Commuter Rail|Bergen]], [[Jæren Commuter Rail|Stavanger]] and [[Trønderbanen|Trondheim]] have commuter rail systems. These have only one or two lines each and they share tracks with other trains.

In [[Finland]], the [[Helsinki commuter rail]] network runs on dedicated tracks from [[Helsinki Central railway station]] to [[Leppävaara railway station|Leppävaara]] and [[Kerava]]. The [[Ring Rail Line]] serves [[Helsinki Airport]] and northern suburbs of [[Vantaa]] and is exclusively used by the commuter rail network. On 15 December 2019, the [[Tampere]] region got its own commuter rail service, with trains running from Tampere to [[Nokia, Finland|Nokia]], [[Lempäälä]] and [[Orivesi]].

====Southern Europe====
In [[Spain]], ''[[Cercanías]]'' networks exist in [[Cercanías Madrid|Madrid]], [[Cercanías Sevilla|Sevilla]], [[Cercanías Murcia/Alicante|Murcia/Alicante]], [[Cercanías San Sebastián|San Sebastián]], [[Cercanías Cádiz|Cádiz]], [[Cercanías Valencia|Valencia]], [[Cercanías Asturias|Asturias]], Santander, [[Cercanías Zaragoza|Zaragoza]], [[Cercanías Bilbao|Bilbao]] and [[Cercanías Málaga|Málaga]]. All these systems include underground sections in the city centre. There is also a network of [[Metre-gauge railway|narrow-gauge]] [[Renfe Feve|commuter systems]] in North Spain and Murcia.
[[File:Cercanías Madrid Atocha 2008.jpg|thumb|Atocha is the main station in Spain mainly due to the Cercanías.]]
[[Cercanías Madrid]] is one of the most important train services in the country, more than 900,000 passengers move in the system. It has underground stations in Madrid like [[Recoletos Station|Recoletos]], [[Sol (Madrid Metro)|Sol]] or [[Nuevos Ministerios (Madrid Metro)|Nuevos Ministerios]] and in the [[Madrid metropolitan area|metropolitan area]] in cities like [[Parla]] or [[Getafe]].

[[File:Trens de Rodalies Renfe a l'Estació de França.jpg|thumb|[[Rodalies de Catalunya|Rodalies]] [[Renfe]] trains in [[Barcelona França railway station|Estació de França]], [[Barcelona]]|221x221px]]
[[File:FGC 211.03 i 213.34.jpg|thumb|Trains in circulation on the [[Ferrocarrils de la Generalitat de Catalunya|FGC]] [[Llobregat–Anoia Line|Llobregat-Anoia line]] in 2009]]

In the [[Autonomous communities of Spain|autonomous community]] of [[Catalonia]], and unlike the rest of Spain, the commuter service is not managed by [[Renfe Operadora]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-02-09 |title=¿De quién depende qué en Rodalies Renfe? |url=https://www.lavanguardia.com/politica/20160209/302025314403/competencias-rodalies-renfe.html |access-date=2023-02-06 |website=La Vanguardia |language=es}}</ref> Since 2010, the [[Generalitat de Catalunya|Government of Catalonia]] has managed all the regular commuter services with the "transfer of ''Rodalies''".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-12-29 |title=Generalitat i Govern central signen el traspàs del servei de Rodalies |url=https://beteve.cat/mobilitat/generalitat-i-govern-central-signen-avui-el-traspas-del-servei-de-rodalies/ |access-date=2023-02-06 |website=beteve.cat |language=ca}}</ref> There are two companies that manage the Catalan commuter network:

* [[Rodalies de Catalunya]], which after the transfer at the beginning of 2010 when, due to the "[[Catalan rail chaos]]" of 2007,<ref>{{Cite web |title=La protesta contra el caos ferroviari aplega mil manifestants |url=https://www.vilaweb.cat/noticia/2608414/20071029/protesta-caos-ferroviari-aplega-mil-manifestants/secure.html |access-date=2023-02-06 |website=VilaWeb |language=ca}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=324cat |date=2007-11-05 |title=El cost del 'caos ferroviari' per les obres del TGV supera els 175 milions d'euros |url=https://www.ccma.cat/324/el-cost-del-caos-ferroviari-per-les-obres-del-tgv-supera-els-175-milions-deuros/noticia/226930/ |access-date=2023-02-06 |website=CCMA |language=ca}}</ref> the [[Government of Spain|Spanish government]] promised to transfer the Renfe commuter service to the [[Generalitat de Catalunya|Generalitat]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=324cat |date=2007-07-03 |title=Zapatero traspassarà Rodalies a Catalunya i ajudarà les famílies amb 2.500 euros per fill |url=https://www.ccma.cat/324/zapatero-traspassara-rodalies-a-catalunya-i-ajudara-les-families-amb-2-500-euros-per-fill/noticia/203369/ |access-date=2023-02-06 |website=CCMA |language=ca}}</ref> although it does not deal with the entire service; After the transfer, responsibilities for the commuter trains were divided into three parts: the [[Generalitat de Catalunya|Generalitat]] (management, regulation, planning, coordination and inspection of services and activities and power to charge), [[Renfe Operadora|Renfe]] (train operator and its maintenance), and [[Administrador de Infraestructuras Ferroviarias|Adif]] (owner of the railway infrastructure).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Què són Rodalies de Catalunya |url=http://rodalies.gencat.cat/ca/sobre-rodalies/que-son-rodalies-de-catalunya/ |access-date=2023-02-06 |website=Rodalies de Catalunya |language=ca-ES}}</ref> Lines R1, R2, R2 Nord, R2 Sud, R3 (to [[Sant Quirze de Besora]], from there to [[Puigcerdà]] or [[Latour-de-Carol-Enveitg station|La Tor de Querol]] it is considered a regional route), R4, R7 and R8 run through Rodalies de Catalunya, all on [[Iberian-gauge railways|Iberian gauge]] (1668 mm).

* [[Ferrocarrils de la Generalitat de Catalunya]] (FGC) is the railway company responsible for the [[Barcelona–Vallès Line|Vallès]], [[Llobregat–Anoia Line|Llobregat-Anoia]] and [[Lleida–La Pobla Line|Lleida-La Pobla de Segur]] lines.<ref>{{Cite web |last=APP |first=Descarga nuestra |title=Lines |url=https://www.fgc.cat/en/lines-and-schedule/ |access-date=2023-02-06 |website=Ferrocarrils de la Generalitat de Catalunya |language=en-US}}</ref> This company is mainly in charge of metro and suburban lines, although it also has five commuter lines spread over two lines, four on the Llobregat-Anoia line (R5, R50, R6, R60) on [[Metre-gauge railway|metre-gauge]] (1000 mm)<ref>{{Cite web |last=APP |first=Descarga nuestra |title=Línia Llobregat-Anoia |url=https://www.fgc.cat/en/fgc-network/l-llobregat-anoia/ |access-date=2023-02-06 |website=Ferrocarrils de la Generalitat de Catalunya |language=en-US}}</ref> and a single line on the Lleida-La Pobla de Segur line (RL1) on [[Iberian-gauge railways|Iberian gauge]] (1668 mm).<ref>{{Cite web |last=APP |first=Descarga nuestra |title=Line Lleida-La Pobla |url=https://www.fgc.cat/en/fgc-network/linea-lleida-la-pobla/ |access-date=2023-02-06 |website=Ferrocarrils de la Generalitat de Catalunya |language=en-US}}</ref> FGC is in charge of the entire service, unlike Rodalies de Catalunya, which is not in charge of either the trains or the infrastructure. 
Since 2024, the [[Generalitat de Catalunya|Government of Catalonia]] has full control of the current [[R12 (Rodalies de Catalunya)|R12]] regional line and it is now owned by the [[Ferrocarrils de la Generalitat de Catalunya|FGC]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=324cat |date=2021-10-19 |title=Renfe perd Rodalies de Lleida, que gestionarà FGC a partir del 2024 |url=https://www.ccma.cat/324/renfe-perd-rodalies-de-lleida-que-gestionara-fgc-a-partir-del-2024/noticia/3124745/ |access-date=2023-02-06 |website=CCMA |language=ca}}</ref> It will eliminate the current line and replace it with the new commuter lines RL3 and RL4, towards [[Cervera]] and [[Manresa]] from [[Lleida]] respectively.

[[File:Milano staz Porta Venezia TSR linea S6.JPG|thumb|A [[Treno Servizio Regionale|TSR train at Milano Porta Venezia railway station]] on the [[Milan Passerby Railway|Milan Passerby railway, Italy]]]]
[[File:I08 119 Bf Napoli Garibaldi, ETR 211.jpg|thumb|A Metrostar train at [[Napoli Garibaldi railway station]] on the [[Circumvesuviana]] railway network]]
In Italy fifteen cities have commuter rail systems:
* [[Bari]] ([[Bari metropolitan railway service]], 3 lines)
* [[Bologna]] ([[Bologna metropolitan railway service]], 8 lines)
* [[Cagliari]], 1 line
* [[Catanzaro]], 2 lines
* [[Genoa]] ([[Genoa urban railway service]], 3 lines)
* [[Messina]], 1 line
* [[Milan]] ([[Milan suburban railway service]], 12 lines)
* [[Naples]], 8 lines
* [[Palermo]] ([[Palermo metropolitan railway service]], 2 lines)
* [[Perugia]], 1 line
* [[Potenza]], 1 line
* [[Reggio Calabria]], 1 line
* [[Rome]] ([[FL lines]], 8 lines)
* [[Salerno]] ([[Salerno metropolitan railway service]], 1 line)
* [[Turin]] ([[Turin metropolitan railway service]], 8 lines)
* [[Treni Regionali Ticino Lombardia]] connects [[Canton Ticino]], [[Switzerland]], and [[Italy]], reaching [[Lombardy|Lombard]] cities like [[Como]] and [[Varese]] and the [[Milan Malpensa Airport]].

====Eastern Europe====
[[File:SKM S9 Pludy.JPG|thumb|[[Szybka Kolej Miejska (Warsaw)|SKM]] train in Warsaw, Poland]]
In Poland, commuter rail systems exist in [[Szybka Kolej Miejska (Tricity)|Tricity]], [[Szybka Kolej Miejska (Warsaw)|Warsaw]], [[Kraków]] ([[Szybka Kolej Aglomeracyjna|SKA]]) and [[Katowice]] ([[Szybka Kolej Regionalna|SKR]]). There is also a similar system planned in [[Wrocław]] and [[Szczecin]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Szczecińska Kolej Metropolitalna -|url=http://skm.szczecin.pl/index.php}}</ref> The terms used are "Szybka Kolej Miejska" (fast urban rail) and "kolej aglomeracyjna" (agglomeration rail). These systems are:
* [[Szybka Kolej Miejska (Warsaw)|Szybka Kolej Miejska w Warszawie]] in the [[Warsaw]] urban area, with 4 lines and 46 stations.<ref>[[:pl:Szybka Kolej Miejska w Warszawie]]</ref>{{Circular reference|date=May 2020}}
* [[Łódzka Kolej Aglomeracyjna]] is located in the center of Poland connecting satellite towns in and around [[Łódź]]. It also operates some trains between Łódź and Warsaw.
*[[Szybka Kolej Miejska (Tricity)|Szybka Kolej Miejska w Trójmieście]] is located in the [[Tricity, Poland|Tricity]]/Trójmiasto urban area, the three cities of [[Gdańsk]], [[Gdynia]] and [[Sopot]].

The [[Proastiakos]] ({{langx|el|Προαστιακός}}; "suburban") is [[Greece]]'s [[suburban]] railway (commuter rail) services, which are run by [[TrainOSE]], on infrastructure owned by the [[Hellenic Railways Organisation]] (OSE). There are three Proastiakos networks, servicing the country's three largest cities: [[Athens]], [[Thessaloniki]] and [[Patras]]. In particular, the [[Athens Suburban Railway|Athenian network]] is undergoing modifications to completely separate it from mainline traffic, by re-routing the tracks via a tunnel underneath the city center. A similar project is planned for the [[Patras]] network, whereas a new line is due to be constructed for the [[Thessaloniki Regional Railway|Thessalonian network]].

In Romania, the first commuter trains were introduced in December 2019. They operate between [[Bucharest]] and Funduea or [[Buftea]].

[[BG Voz]] is an urban rail system that serves Belgrade. It currently has only two routes, with plans for further expansion. Between the early 1990s and mid-2010s, there was another system, known as [[Beovoz]], that was used to provide [[mass-transit]] service within the Belgrade [[metropolitan area]], as well as to nearby towns, similarly to [[Réseau Express Régional|RER]] in Paris. Beovoz had more lines and far more stops than the current system. However, it was abandoned in favor of more accurate BG Voz, mostly due to inefficiency. While current services rely mostly on the existing infrastructure, any further development means furthering capacities (railways expansion and new trains). Plans for further extension of system include another two lines, one of which should reach [[Belgrade Nikola Tesla Airport]].

In Russia, Ukraine and some other countries of the former [[Soviet Union]], electrical multiple unit passenger suburban trains called [[Elektrichka]] are widespread. The first such system in Russia is the Oranienbaum Electric Line in [[Saint Petersburg|St. Petersburg]]. In Moscow the Beskudnikovskaya railway branch existed between the 1940s and 1980s. The trains that shuttled along it did not go to the main lines, so it was a city transport. Today there are the [[Moscow Central Circle]] and the [[Moscow Central Diameters]].
{{See also|Urban electric transport in Russia}}

In Turkey, [[Marmaray]] line stations from [[Sirkeci]] to [[Halkalı]] are located at the European side.