Editing Cocaine (section)

=== Short-term effects ===
Insufflating (snorting) cocaine commonly causes increased [[mucus]] production due to irritation and inflammation of the nasal passages. This irritation leads to symptoms such as a [[Rhinorrhea|runny nose]], [[nasal congestion]], and excessive or thickened mucus.

Acute exposure to cocaine has many effects on humans, including euphoria, increases in heart rate and blood pressure, and increases in cortisol secretion from the adrenal gland.<ref>{{Cite journal | vauthors = Heesch CM, Negus BH, Keffer JH, Snyder RW, Risser RC, Eichhorn EJ | title = Effects of cocaine on cortisol secretion in humans | journal = The American Journal of the Medical Sciences | volume = 310 | issue = 2 | pages = 61–4 | date = August 1995 | pmid = 7631644 | doi = 10.1097/00000441-199508000-00004 | s2cid = 11042810 }}</ref> In humans with acute exposure followed by continuous exposure to cocaine at a constant blood concentration, the acute tolerance to the [[chronotropic]] cardiac effects of cocaine begins after about 10 minutes, while acute tolerance to the euphoric effects of cocaine begins after about one hour.<ref name=Ambre1988 /><ref>{{Cite journal | vauthors = Pudiak CM, KuoLee R, Bozarth MA | title = Tolerance to cocaine in brain stimulation reward following continuous cocaine infusions | journal = Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior | volume = 122 | pages = 246–52 | date = July 2014 | pmid = 24768900 | doi = 10.1016/j.pbb.2014.04.006 | s2cid = 207332822 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | vauthors = Gullapalli BT, Natarajan A, Angarita GA, Malison RT, Ganesan D, Rahman T |title=On-body Sensing of Cocaine Craving, Euphoria and Drug-Seeking Behavior Using Cardiac and Respiratory Signals |journal=Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies |date=21 June 2019 |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=1–31 |doi=10.1145/3328917|s2cid=195357215 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | vauthors = Calipari ES, Ferris MJ, Jones SR | title = Extended access of cocaine self-administration results in tolerance to the dopamine-elevating and locomotor-stimulating effects of cocaine | journal = Journal of Neurochemistry | volume = 128 | issue = 2 | pages = 224–32 | date = January 2014 | pmid = 24102293 | pmc = 3947316 | doi = 10.1111/jnc.12452 }}</ref> With excessive or prolonged use, the drug can cause [[itch]]ing, [[tachycardia|fast heart rate]], and [[formication|paranoid delusions or sensations of insects crawling on the skin]].<ref name="weizhao2008">{{Cite book |title=Mechanisms Mediating Sex Differences in the Effects of Cocaine | vauthors = Zhao W |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-549-99458-9 |page=3 | publisher = University of Michigan |access-date=25 September 2012 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AF8zjRBtSuIC&pg=PA3 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404151302/https://books.google.com/books?id=AF8zjRBtSuIC&pg=PA3 |archive-date=4 April 2014 }}</ref> Intranasal cocaine and crack use are both associated with pharmacological violence. Aggressive behavior may be displayed by both addicts and casual users. Cocaine can induce [[psychosis]] characterized by [[paranoia]], impaired [[reality testing]], [[hallucinations]], irritability, and physical aggression. [[Cocaine intoxication]] can cause hyperawareness, [[hypervigilance]], [[psychomotor agitation]], and [[delirium]]. Consumption of large doses of cocaine can cause violent outbursts, especially by those with preexisting psychosis.<ref>{{Cite journal | vauthors = Boles SM, Miotto K |title=Substance abuse and violence: A review of the literature |journal=Aggression and Violent Behavior |date=March–April 2003 |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=155–174 |doi=10.1016/S1359-1789(01)00057-X }}</ref> Acute exposure may induce [[arrhythmia]], including [[atrial fibrillation]], [[supraventricular tachycardia]], [[ventricular tachycardia]], and [[ventricular fibrillation]]. Acute exposure may also lead to [[angina]], [[myocardial infarction|heart attack]], and [[congestive heart failure]].<ref>{{Cite journal | vauthors = Pergolizzi JV, Magnusson P, LeQuang JA, Breve F, Varrassi G | title = Cocaine and Cardiotoxicity: A Literature Review | journal = Cureus | volume = 13 | issue = 4 | pages = e14594 | date = April 2021 | pmid = 34036012 | pmc = 8136464 | doi = 10.7759/cureus.14594 | issn=2168-8184  | doi-access = free }}</ref> Cocaine overdose may cause [[seizures]], [[hyperthermia|abnormally high body temperature]] and a marked elevation of blood pressure, which can be life-threatening,<ref name="weizhao2008" /> [[Heart arrhythmia|abnormal heart rhythms]],<ref name="Nav">{{Cite journal | vauthors = O'Leary ME, Hancox JC | title = Role of voltage-gated sodium, potassium and calcium channels in the development of cocaine-associated cardiac arrhythmias | journal = British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology | volume = 69 | issue = 5 | pages = 427–42 | date = May 2010 | pmid = 20573078 | pmc = 2856043 | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2010.03629.x }}</ref> and death.<ref name="Nav" /> Anxiety, paranoia, and restlessness can also occur, especially during the [[Comedown (drugs)|comedown]]. With excessive dosage, [[tremor]]s, [[convulsion]]s, and [[Hypothermia|increased body temperature]] are observed.<ref name=WHO2004 /> Severe cardiac adverse events, particularly [[sudden cardiac death]], become a serious risk at high doses due to cocaine's blocking effect on cardiac sodium channels.<ref name="Nav" />