Editing Chinese calendar (section)

== Horology ==
{{See also|Chronometry}}
{{Further|Chinese astronomy|Chinese astrology}}

Horology, or chronometry, refers to the measurement of time. In the context of the Chinese calendar, horology involves the definition and mathematical measurement of terms or elements such observable astronomic movements or events such as are associated with days, months, years, hours, and so on. These measurements are based upon objective, observable phenomena. Calendar accuracy is based upon accuracy and precision of measurements.

The Chinese calendar is [[lunisolar calendar|lunisolar]], similar to the [[Hindu calendar|Hindu]], [[Hebrew calendar|Hebrew]] and [[Babylonian calendar|ancient Babylonian]] calendars. In this case the calendar is in part based in objective, observable phenomena and in part by mathematical analysis to correlate the observed phenomena. Lunisolar calendars especially attempt to correlate the solar and lunar cycles, but other considerations can be agricultural and seasonal or phenological, or religious, or even political.

Basic horologic definitions include that days begin and end at midnight, and months begin on the day of the [[new moon]]. Years start on the second (or third) new moon after the [[winter solstice]]. [[Solar term]]s govern the beginning, middle, and end of each month. A [[sexagenary cycle]], comprising the [[heavenly stems]] ({{zh|c=干|p=gān}}) and the [[earthly branches]] ({{zh|c=支|p=zhī}}), is used as identification alongside each year and month, including [[Intercalation (timekeeping)|intercalary months]] or leap months. Months are also annotated as either long ({{zh|c=大|l=big}} for months with 30 days) or short ({{zh|c=小|l=small}} for months with 29 days). There are also other elements of the traditional Chinese calendar.

===Day===
{{See also|Day}}

Days are [[Sun]] oriented, based upon divisions of the solar year. A day ({{zh|labels=no|c=日|p=rì}}) is considered both traditionally and currently to be the time from one midnight to the next. Traditionally days (including the night-time portion) were divided into 12 double-hours, and in modern times the 24 hour system has become more standard.

===Week===
{{For|more information on the adoption of the seven-day week|Names of the days of the week#East Asian tradition}}
{{For|more information on the ten-day week|Decan}}

As early as the Bronze Age [[Xia dynasty]], days were grouped into nine- or ten-day weeks known as {{zh|labels=no|c=旬||p=xún|out=p}}.<ref>{{cite book | author = {{zh|labels=no|c=海上}} | title = Zhongguo ren de sui shi wen hua | script-title = zh:中國人的歲時文化 | trans-title = Timekeeping of the Chinese culture | publisher = {{zh|labels=no|c=岳麓書社}} | year = 2005 | pages = 195 | isbn = 978-7-80665-620-4 | language = zh | url = https://archive.org/details/zhongguorendesui0000hais/page/195 }}</ref> Months consisted of three {{tlit|zh|pinyin|xún}}. The first 10 days were the early {{tlit|zh|pinyin|xún}} ({{zh|labels=no|c={{linktext|上旬}}}}), the middle 10 the mid {{tlit|zh|pinyin|xún}} ({{zh|labels=no|c={{linktext|中旬}}}}), and the last nine (or 10) days were the late {{tlit|zh|pinyin|xún}} ({{zh|labels=no|c={{linktext|下旬}}}}). Japan [[Japanese calendar#Division of the Month|adopted this pattern]], with 10-day-weeks known as {{nihongo|''jun''|旬}}. In Korea, they were known as ''sun'' ({{langx|ko|label=none|순}},{{langx|ko|label=none|旬}}).

The structure of {{tlit|zh|pinyin|xún}} led to [[Public holidays in China|public holidays]] every five or ten days. Officials of the [[Han dynasty]] were legally required to rest every five days (twice a {{tlit|zh|pinyin|xún}}, or 5–6 times a month). The name of these breaks became {{zh|labels=no|t={{linktext|澣}} |s={{linktext|浣}} |l=wash |p=huàn |out=p}}.

Grouping days into sets of ten is still used today in referring to specific natural events. "Three Fu" ({{linktext|三伏|lang=zh}}), a 29–30-day period which is the hottest of the year, reflects its three-{{tlit|zh|pinyin|xún}} length.<ref name="3 fu">{{cite web |url=http://www.hko.gov.hk/prtver/html/docs/education/edu01met/wxobs/folklore/ele_hs_c.shtml |author={{zh|labels=no|c=陳浩新}} |script-title=zh:「冷在三九，熱在三伏」 |trans-title=Cold is in the Three Nines, heat is in the Three Fu |website=Educational Resources – Hong Kong Observatory |language=zh  |access-date=15 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615134946/http://www.hko.gov.hk/prtver/html/docs/education/edu01met/wxobs/folklore/ele_hs_c.shtml |archive-date=15 June 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> After the winter solstice, nine sets of nine days were counted to calculate the end of winter.<ref>{{Cite web |script-title=zh:数九从哪一天开始到哪一天结束 数九寒冬中的数九从什么时候开始 |url=https://wannianli.tianqi.com/news/281436.html |access-date=2023-05-02 |website=万年历 |archive-date=30 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430033214/https://wannianli.tianqi.com/news/281436.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

The seven-day week was adopted from the Hellenistic system by the 4th century CE{{Citation needed|date=September 2023}}, although its method of transmission into China is unclear. It was again transmitted to China in the 8th century by [[Manichaeism|Manichaeans]] via [[Kangju]] (a Central Asian kingdom near [[Samarkand]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cjvlang.com/Dow/dowjpn.html |website=CJVLang |title=Days of the week in Japanese |access-date=15 May 2018 |archive-date=24 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171224044408/http://www.cjvlang.com/Dow/dowjpn.html |url-status=live }}</ref>{{efn|The 4th-century date, according to the ''[[Cihai]]'' encyclopedia,{{year needed|date=April 2015}} is due to a reference to Fan Ning ({{zh|labels=no|t={{linktext|範寧}}|s={{linktext|范宁}}}}), an astrologer of the [[Jin dynasty (265–420)|Jin dynasty]].{{Full citation needed|date=October 2018}}}}{{efn|The renewed adoption from Manichaeans by the 8th century ([[Tang dynasty]]) is documented by the writings of the Chinese Buddhist monk [[Yijing (monk)|Yi Jing]] and the Ceylonese Buddhist monk [[Amoghavajra|Bu Kong]].{{Full citation needed|date=October 2018}}}} and is the most-used system in modern China.

===Month===
{{See also|Month}}
Months are [[Moon]] oriented. ''Month'' ({{zh|labels=no|c=月|p=yuè}}), the time from one [[new moon]] to the next. These [[Lunar month#Synodic month|synodic months]] are about {{frac|29|17|32}} days long. This includes the ''Date'' ({{zh|labels=no|c=日期|p=rìqī}}), when a day occurs in the month. Days are numbered in sequence from 1 to 29 (or 30). And, a ''Calendar month'' ({{zh|labels=no|c=日曆月|p=rìlì yuè}}), is when a month occurs within a year. Some months may be repeated.

Months are defined by the time between [[new moon]]s, which averages approximately {{frac|29|17|32}} days. There is no specified length of any particular Chinese month, so the first month could have 29 days (short month, {{linktext|小月|lang=zh}}) in some years and 30 days (long month, {{linktext|大月|lang=zh}}) in other years.

Since the beginning of the month is determined by when the new moon occurs, other countries using this calendar use their own time standards to calculate it; this results in deviations. The first new moon in 1968 was at 16:29 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]] on 29 January. Since [[North Vietnam]] used [[UTC+07:00]] to calculate their [[Vietnamese calendar]] and [[South Vietnam]] used [[UTC+08:00]] (Beijing time) to calculate theirs, North Vietnam began the [[Tết]] holiday at 29 January at 23:29 while South Vietnam began it on 30 January at 00:15. The time difference allowed asynchronous attacks in the [[Tet Offensive]].{{sfnp|Aslaksen|2010}}

Because astronomical observation determines month length, dates on the calendar correspond to moon phases. The first day of each month is the new moon. On the seventh or eighth day of each month, the first-quarter moon is visible in the afternoon and early evening. On the 15th or 16th day of each month, the full moon is visible all night. On the 22nd or 23rd day of each month, the last-quarter moon is visible late at night and in the morning.

Different eras used different systems to determine the length of each month. The [[Lunar month#Synodic month|synodic month]] of the Taichu calendar was {{frac|29|43|81}} days long. The 7th-century, Tang-dynasty Wùyín Yuán Calendar was the first to determine month length by synodic month instead of the cycling method. Since then, month lengths have primarily been determined by observation and prediction.

The days of the month are always written with two characters and numbered beginning with 1. Days one to 10 are written with the day's [[Chinese numerals|numeral]], preceded by the character ''Chū'' ({{linktext|初|lang=zh}}); ''Chūyī'' ({{linktext|初一|lang=zh}}) is the first day of the month, and ''Chūshí'' ({{linktext|初|十|lang=zh}}) the 10th. Days 11 to 20 are written as regular Chinese numerals; ''Shíwǔ'' ({{linktext|十五|lang=zh}}) is the 15th day of the month, and ''Èrshí'' ({{linktext|二十|lang=zh}}) the 20th. Days 21 to 29 are written with the character ''Niàn'' ({{linktext|廿|lang=zh}}) before the characters one through nine; ''Niànsān'' ({{linktext|廿三|lang=zh}}), for example, is the 23rd day of the month. Day 30 (when applicable) is written as the numeral ''Sānshí'' ({{linktext|三十|lang=zh}}).

===Year===
{{See also|Year}}

A year ({{zh|labels=no|c=年|p=nián}}) is based upon the time of one revolution of Earth around the Sun, rounded to whole days. Traditionally, the year is measured from the first day of spring (lunisolar year) or the winter solstice (solar year).

A 12-month-year using this system has 354 days, which would drift significantly from the [[tropical year]]. To fix this, traditional Chinese years have a 13-month year approximately once every three years. The 13-month version has the same long and short months alternating, but adds a 30-day leap month ({{zh|labels=no|c={{linktext|閏月}}|p=rùnyuè}}). Years with 12 months are called common years, and 13-month years are known as long years.

A solar year is astronomically about {{frac|365|31|128}} days. A lunisolar calendar year is either 353–355 or 383–385 days long. The lunisolar calendar ({{zh|labels=no|c=日曆|p=rìlì}}) year usually begins on the new moon closest to [[Lichun]], the first day of spring.{{sfnp|Aslaksen|2010}} This is typically the second and sometimes third new moon after the winter solstice.

The lunisolar year begins with the first spring month, {{tlit|zh|pinyin|[[Zhengyue|''Zhēngyuè'']]}} ({{zh|labels=no|c={{linktext|正月}}|l=capital month}}), and ends with the last winter month, {{tlit|zh|pinyin|[[Layue|''Làyuè'']]}} ({{zh|labels=no|s={{linktext|腊月}}|t={{linktext|臘月}}|l=sacrificial month}}). All other months are named for their number in the month order. See [[#Chinese New Year|below]] on the timing of the Chinese New Year.

==== Solar year and solar terms ====
{{Main|Solar term}}
The [[Tropical year|solar year]] ({{zh|s=岁|t=歲|p=Suì}}), the time between [[Winter solstice|winter solstices]], is divided into 24 [[Solar term|solar terms]] known as {{zh|labels=no|out=p|p=jié qì|c=節氣}}. Each term is a 15° portion of the ecliptic. These solar terms mark both Western and Chinese seasons, as well as equinoxes, solstices, and other Chinese events. Pairs of solar terms are referred to as climate terms. The first solar term in a pair is the "pre-climate" ({{zh|labels=no|s=节气|t=節氣|p=Jiéqì}}), and the second is the "mid-climate" ({{zh|labels=no|s=中气|t=中氣|p=Zhōngqì}}). The {{tlit|zh|pinyin|Zhōngqì}} are considered "major terms", while the {{tlit|zh|pinyin|Jiéqì}} are deemed "minor terms".{{sfnp|Aslaksen|2010}} The solar terms {{zh|labels=no|out=p|p=qīng míng|c=清明}} on 5 April and {{zh|labels=no|out=p|p=dōng zhì |c=冬至}} on 22 December are both celebrated events in China.{{sfnp|Aslaksen|2010}} 

The solar year (''suì'', {{zh|labels=no|t=歲|s=岁}}) begins on the December solstice and proceeds through the 24 solar terms.{{sfnp|Aslaksen|2010}} Since the speed of the Sun's apparent motion in the elliptical is variable, the time between major terms/mid-climates is not fixed. This variation in time between major terms results in different solar year lengths. There are generally 11 or 12 complete lunar months, plus two incomplete lunar months around the winter solstice, in a solar year. The complete lunar months are numbered from 0 to 10, and the incomplete lunar month is considered the 11th month. If there are 12 complete (and one incomplete) lunar months within a solar year, it is known as a leap year (a year possessing an intercalary month).{{sfnp|Aslaksen|2010}}

Different versions of the traditional calendar might have different average solar year lengths. For example, one solar year of the 1st century BCE Tàichū calendar is {{frac|365|385|1539}} (365.25016) days. A solar year of the 13th-century Shòushí calendar is {{frac|365|97|400}} (365.2425) days, identical to the Gregorian calendar. The additional .00766 day from the Tàichū calendar leads to a one-day shift every 130.5 years.

{| class="wikitable"
|+24 solar terms
!Number
!Pinyin name
!Chinese name
!Translation
!Approximate date
!Corresponding astrological sign
|-
|J1
|{{tlit|zh|pinyin|Lì chūn}}
|{{lang|zh|立春}}
|Beginning of spring
|5 February
|♒️ Aquarius
|-
|Z1
|{{tlit|zh|pinyin|Yǔ shuǐ}}
|{{lang|zh|雨水}}
|Rain water
|19 February
| rowspan="2" |♓️ Pisces
|-
|J2
|{{tlit|zh|pinyin|Jīng zhé}}
|{{lang|zh-hant|驚蟄}}；{{lang|zh-hans|惊蛰}}
|Waking of insects
|6 March
|-
|Z2
|{{tlit|zh|pinyin|Chūn fēn}}
|{{lang|zh|春分}}
|Spring divide
|21 March
| rowspan="2" |♈️ Aries
|-
|J3
|{{tlit|zh|pinyin|Qīng míng}}
|{{lang|zh|清明}}
|[[Qingming Festival|Pure brightness]]
|5 April
|-
|Z3
|{{tlit|zh|pinyin|Gǔ yǔ}}
|{{lang|zh-hant|穀雨}}；{{lang|zh-hans|谷雨}}
|Grain rain
|20 April
| rowspan="2" |♉️ Taurus
|-
|J4
|{{tlit|zh|pinyin|Lì xià}}
|{{lang|zh|立夏}}
|Beginning of summer
|6 May
|-
|Z4
|{{tlit|zh|pinyin|Xiǎo mǎn}}
|{{lang|zh-hant|小滿}}；{{lang|zh-hans|小满}}
|Grain full
|21 May
| rowspan="2" |♊️ Gemini
|-
|J5
|{{tlit|zh|pinyin|Máng zhòng}}
|{{lang|zh-hant|芒種}}；{{lang|zh-hans|芒种}}
|Grain in ear
|6 June
|-
|Z5
|{{tlit|zh|pinyin|Xià zhì}}
|{{lang|zh|夏至}}
|Summer extremity
|22 June
| rowspan="2" |♋️ Cancer
|-
|J6
|{{tlit|zh|pinyin|Xiǎo shǔ}}
|{{lang|zh|小暑}}
|Slight heat
|7 July
|-
|Z6
|{{tlit|zh|pinyin|Dà shǔ}}
|{{lang|zh|大暑}}
|Great heat
|23 July
| rowspan="2" |♌️ Leo
|-
|J7
|{{tlit|zh|pinyin|Lì qiū}}
|{{lang|zh|立秋}}
|Beginning of autumn
|8 August
|-
|Z7
|{{tlit|zh|pinyin|Chǔ shǔ}}
|{{lang|zh-hant|處暑}}；{{lang|zh-hans|处暑}}
|Limit of heat
|23 August
| rowspan="2" |♍️ Virgo
|-
|J8
|{{tlit|zh|pinyin|Bái lù}}
|{{lang|zh|白露}}
|White dew
|8 September
|-
|Z8
|{{tlit|zh|pinyin|Qiū fēn}}
|{{lang|zh|秋分}}
|Autumn divide
|23 September
| rowspan="2" |♎️ Libra
|-
|J9
|{{tlit|zh|pinyin|Hán lù}}
|{{lang|zh|寒露}}
|Cold dew
|8 October
|-
|Z9
|{{tlit|zh|pinyin|Shuāng jiàng}}
|{{lang|zh|霜降}}
|Descent of frost
|24 October
| rowspan="2" |♏️ Scorpio
|-
|J10
|{{tlit|zh|pinyin|Lì dōng}}
|{{lang|zh|立冬}}
|Beginning of winter
|8 November
|-
|Z10
|{{tlit|zh|pinyin|Xiǎo xuě}}
|{{lang|zh|小雪}}
|Slight snow
|22 November
| rowspan="2" |♐️ Sagittarius
|-
|J11
|{{tlit|zh|pinyin|Dà xuě}}
|{{lang|zh|大雪}}
|Great snow
|7 December
|-
|Z11
|{{tlit|zh|pinyin|Dōng zhì}}
|{{lang|zh|冬至}}
|Winter extremity
|22 December
| rowspan="2" |♑️ Capricorn
|-
|J12
|{{tlit|zh|pinyin|Xiǎo hán}}
|{{lang|zh|小寒}}
|Slight cold
|6 January
|-
|Z12
|{{tlit|zh|pinyin|Dà hán}}
|{{lang|zh|大寒}}
|Great cold
|20 January
|♒️ Aquarius
|}

If there are 12 complete lunar months within a solar year,{{efn|In the modern calendar where the solar terms are defined using astronomical calculation, it is possible to have only 11 complete months but with a month without a mid-climate, as in [[Year 2033 problem|year 2033]].{{cn|date=February 2024}}}} the first lunar month that does not contain any mid-climate is designated the [[Intercalation (timekeeping)|leap]], or intercalary, month.{{sfnp|Aslaksen|2010}} Leap months are numbered with {{tlit|zh|pinyin|rùn}} {{linktext|閏|lang=zh}}, the character for "intercalary", plus the name of the month they follow. In 2017, the intercalary month after month six was called {{tlit|zh|pinyin|Rùn Liùyuè}}, or "intercalary sixth month" ({{linktext|閏|六月|lang=zh}}) and written as ''6i'' or ''6+''. The next intercalary month (in 2020, after month four) will be called {{tlit|zh|pinyin|Rùn Sìyuè}} ({{linktext|閏|四月|lang=zh}}) and written ''4i'' or ''4+''.

===Planets===
The movements of the Sun, Moon, [[Mercury (planet)|Mercury]], [[Venus]], [[Mars]], [[Jupiter]] and [[Saturn]] (sometimes known as the [[Classical planet|seven luminaries]]) are the references for calendar calculations. 
* The distance between Mercury and the sun is less than 30° (the sun's height at ''chénshí'':{{linktext|辰時|lang=zh}}, 8:00 to 10:00&nbsp;am), so Mercury was sometimes called the "chen star" ({{linktext|辰|星|lang=zh}}); it is more commonly known as the "water star" ({{linktext|水星|lang=zh}}).
* Venus appears at dawn and dusk and is known as the "bright star" ({{zh|labels=no|s={{linktext|启明|星}}|t={{linktext|啟明|星}}}}) or "long star" ({{zh|labels=no|c=|s={{linktext|长庚|星}}|t={{linktext|長庚|星}}}}).
* Mars looks like fire and occurs irregularly, and is known as the "fire star" ({{zh|labels=no|c=|s={{linktext|荧惑|星}}|t={{linktext|熒惑|星}}}} or {{linktext|火星|lang=zh}}). Mars is the punisher in Chinese mythology. When Mars is near [[Antares]] ({{linktext|心宿二|lang=zh}}), it is a bad omen and can forecast an emperor's death or a chancellor's removal ({{linktext|荧惑|守|心|lang=zh}}).
* Jupiter's revolution period is 11.86 years, so Jupiter is called the "age star" ({{zh|labels=no|c=|s={{linktext|岁星}}|t={{linktext|歲星}}}}); 30° of Jupiter's revolution is about a year on earth.
* Saturn's revolution period is about 28 years. Known as the "guard star" ({{linktext|鎮星|lang=zh}}), Saturn guards one of the [[Twenty-Eight Mansions|28 Mansions]] every year.

===Stars===
====Big Dipper====
{{Main|Big Dipper}}
The [[Big Dipper]] is the celestial compass, and its handle's direction indicates the season and month.

====3 Enclosures and 28 Mansions====
{{Main|Chinese constellations}}
{{Further|Twenty-Eight Mansions|Lunar station}}

The stars are divided into [[Chinese constellations#Three Enclosures|Three Enclosures]] and [[Twenty-Eight Mansions|28 Mansions]] according to their location in the sky relative to [[Ursa Minor]], at the center. Each mansion is named with a character describing the shape of its principal [[asterism (astronomy)|asterism]]. The Three Enclosures are [[Purple Forbidden enclosure|Purple Forbidden]], ({{linktext|紫微|lang=zh}}), [[Supreme Palace enclosure|Supreme Palace]] ({{linktext|太微|lang=zh}}), and [[Heavenly Market enclosure|Heavenly Market]] ({{linktext|天市|lang=zh}}). The eastern mansions are {{lang|zh|{{linktext|角}}, {{linktext|亢}}, {{linktext|氐}}, {{linktext|房}}, {{linktext|心}}, {{linktext|尾}}, {{linktext|箕}}}}. Southern mansions are {{lang|zh|{{linktext|井}}, {{linktext|鬼}}, {{linktext|柳}}, {{linktext|星}}, {{linktext|張}}, {{linktext|翼}}, {{linktext|轸|}}}}. Western mansions are {{lang|zh|{{linktext|奎}}, {{linktext|婁}}, {{linktext|胃}}, {{linktext|昴}}, {{linktext|畢}}, {{linktext|參}}, {{linktext|觜}}}}. Northern mansions are {{lang|zh|{{linktext|斗}}, {{linktext|牛}}, {{linktext|女}}, {{linktext|虛}}, {{linktext|危}}, {{linktext|室}}, {{linktext|壁}}}}. The moon moves through about one [[lunar mansion]] per day, so the 28 mansions were also used to count days. In the [[Tang dynasty]], Yuan Tiangang ({{lang|zh|袁天罡}}) matched the 28 mansions, seven luminaries and yearly animal signs to yield combinations such as "horn-wood-flood dragon" ({{linktext|角|木|蛟|lang=zh}}).

===== List of lunar mansions =====

The names and determinative stars of the mansions are:<ref>{{cite web | url=http://idp.bl.uk/education/astronomy/sky.html | title=The Chinese Sky | publisher=[[International Dunhuang Project]] | accessdate=2011-06-25 | url-status=dead | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151104154237/http://idp.bl.uk/education/astronomy/sky.html | archivedate=2015-11-04 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Sun | first=Xiaochun | editor=Helaine Selin | editor-link=Helaine Selin | title=Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures  | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=raKRY3KQspsC&pg=PA517 | year=1997 | pages=517 | publisher=Kluwer Academic Publishers | isbn=0-7923-4066-3  | accessdate=2011-06-25}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!rowspan="2" align="center"|[[Four Symbols (Chinese constellation)|Four Symbols]]<br>({{lang|zh|四象}}) !! colspan="4" align="center" | Mansion (宿)
|-
!Number
!Name 
([[Pinyin]])
!Translation
!Determinative star
|-
|rowspan="7" |'''[[Azure Dragon|Azure Dragon<br>of the East]]<br>({{zh|labels=no|c=東方青龍|p=Dōngfāng Qīnglóng}})<br>Spring'''[[File:AZURE DRAGON.png|center|frameless|103x103px]]
| 1 || {{zh|labels=no|c=角|p=Jiǎo}} ||[[Horn (Chinese constellation)|Horn]] || [[Spica|α Vir]]
|-
| 2 || {{zh|labels=no|c=亢 |p=Kàng}} ||[[Neck (Chinese constellation)|Neck]] || [[Kappa Virginis|κ Vir]]
|-
| 3 || {{zh|labels=no|c=氐 |p=Dī}} ||[[Root (Chinese constellation)|Root]] || [[Zubenelgenubi|α Lib]]
|-
| 4 || {{zh|labels=no|c=房 |p=Fáng}} ||[[Room (Chinese constellation)|Room]] || [[Pi Scorpii|π Sco]]
|-
| 5 || {{zh|labels=no|c=心 |p=Xīn}} ||[[Heart (Chinese constellation)|Heart]] || [[Alpha Scorpii|α Sco]]
|-
| 6 || {{zh|labels=no|c=尾 |p=Wěi}} ||[[Tail (Chinese constellation)|Tail]] || [[Mu1 Scorpii|μ¹ Sco]]
|-
| 7 || {{zh|labels=no|c=箕 |p=Jī}} ||[[Winnowing Basket (Chinese constellation)|Winnowing Basket]] || [[Gamma Sagittarii|γ Sgr]]
|-
|rowspan="7" |'''[[Black Tortoise|Black Tortoise<br>of the North]]<br>({{zh|labels=no|c=北方玄武|p=Běifāng Xuánwǔ}})<br>Winter'''[[File:BLACK TORTOISE.png|center|frameless|101x101px]]<br />
| 8 || {{zh|labels=no|c=斗 |p=Dǒu}} || (Southern) [[Dipper (Chinese constellation)|Dipper]] || [[Phi Sagittarii|φ Sgr]]
|-
| 9 || {{zh|labels=no|c=牛 |p=Niú}} ||[[Ox (Chinese constellation)|Ox]] || [[Dabih|β Cap]]
|-
| 10 || {{zh|labels=no|c=女 |p=Nǚ}} ||[[Girl (Chinese constellation)|Girl]] || [[Albali|ε Aqr]]
|-
| 11 || {{zh|labels=no|c=虛 |p=Xū}} ||[[Emptiness (Chinese constellation)|Emptiness]] || [[Sadalsuud|β Aqr]]
|-
| 12 || {{zh|labels=no|c=危 |p=Wēi}} ||[[Rooftop (Chinese constellation)|Rooftop]] || [[Sadalmelik|α Aqr]]
|-
| 13 || {{zh|labels=no|c=室 |p=Shì}} ||[[Encampment (Chinese constellation)|Encampment]] || [[Alpha Pegasi|α Peg]]
|-
| 14 || {{zh|labels=no|c=壁 |p=Bì}} ||[[Wall (Chinese constellation)|Wall]] || [[Gamma Pegasi|γ Peg]]
|-
|rowspan="7" |'''[[White Tiger (Chinese astronomy)|White Tiger<br>of the West]]<br>({{zh|labels=no|c=西方白虎|p=Xīfāng Báihǔ}})<br>Fall'''[[File:WHITE TIGER OF THE WEST (CHINESE MYTHOLOGY).png|center|frameless|103x103px]]<br />
| 15 || {{zh|labels=no|c=奎 |p=Kuí}} ||[[Legs (Chinese constellation)|Legs]] || [[Eta Andromedae|η And]]
|-
| 16 || {{zh|labels=no|c=婁 |p=Lóu}} ||[[Bond (Chinese constellation)|Bond]] || [[Sheratan|β Ari]]
|-
| 17 || {{zh|labels=no|c=胃 |p=Wèi}} ||[[Stomach (Chinese constellation)|Stomach]] || [[35 Arietis|35 Ari]]
|-
| 18 || {{zh|labels=no|c=昴 |p=Mǎo}} ||[[Hairy Head (Chinese constellation)|Hairy Head]] || [[Electra (star)|17 Tau]]
|-
| 19 || {{zh|labels=no|c=畢|p=Bì}} ||[[Net (Chinese constellation)|Net]] || [[Epsilon Tauri|ε Tau]]
|-
| 20 || {{zh|labels=no|c=觜 |p=Zī}} ||[[Turtle Beak (Chinese constellation)|Turtle Beak]] || [[Meissa|λ Ori]]
|-
| 21 || {{zh|labels=no|c=参 |p=Shēn}} ||[[Three Stars (Chinese constellation)|Three Stars]] || [[Alnitak|ζ Ori]]
|-
|rowspan="7" |'''[[Vermilion Bird|Vermilion Bird<br>of the South]]<br>({{zh|labels=no|c=南方朱雀 |p=Nánfāng Zhūquè}})<br>Summer'''[[File:VERMILION BIRD.png|center|frameless|102x102px]]<br />
| 22 || {{zh|labels=no|c=井 |p=Jǐng}} ||[[Well (Chinese constellation)|Well]] || [[Tejat Posterior|μ Gem]]
|-
| 23 || {{zh|labels=no|c=鬼 |p=Guǐ}} ||[[Ghost (Chinese constellation)|Ghost]] || [[Theta Cancri|θ Cnc]]
|-
| 24 || {{zh|labels=no|c=柳 |p=Liǔ}} ||[[Willow (Chinese constellation)|Willow]] || [[Delta Hydrae|δ Hya]]
|-
| 25 || {{zh|labels=no|c=星 |p=Xīng}} ||[[Star (Chinese constellation)|Star]] || [[Alphard|α Hya]]
|-
| 26 || {{zh|labels=no|c=張 |p=Zhāng}} ||[[Extended Net (Chinese constellation)|Extended Net]] || [[Upsilon1 Hydrae|υ¹ Hya]]
|-
| 27 || {{zh|labels=no|c=翼 |p=Yì}} ||[[Wings (Chinese constellation)|Wings]] || [[Alkes|α Crt]]
|-
| 28 || {{zh|labels=no|c=軫 |p=Zhěn}} ||[[Chariot (Chinese constellation)|Chariot]] || [[Gienah Corvi|γ Crv]]
|}