Editing Cartridge (firearms) (section)

==Projectile designs==
[[File:Shotgun-shot-sequence-1g.jpg|right|thumb|Slow motion shots (1/1,000,000-second exposures) showing shots and [[wadding]] separation after firing from a shotgun.]]
[[Image:Brenneke.jpg|thumb|right|A 12-gauge Brenneke slug]]
[[File:Bean bag round close up.jpg|thumb|Two views of intact [[bean bag round]] and one view of the projectile]]
[[File:7.7 mm Japanese navy.jpg|right|thumb|A cutaway showing a Japanese Navy 7.7 mm rimmed rounds as fired by the Type 92 and Type 97 machine guns—copies of Vickers and Lewis designs. The round is effectively interchangeable with [[.303 British]].]]
* A [[shotgun shell]] loaded with multiple metallic "shot", which are small, generally spherical projectiles.
* [[Shotgun slug]]: A single solid projectile designed to be fired from a shotgun.
* [[Flexible baton round|Baton round]]: a generally non-lethal projectile fired from a riot gun.
* Bullets
** [[Armor-piercing bullet|Armor-piercing]] (AP): A hard bullet made from steel or tungsten alloys in a pointed shape typically covered by a thin layer of lead and or a copper or brass jacket. The lead and jacket are intended to prevent barrel wear from the hard-core materials. AP bullets are sometimes less effective on unarmored targets than FMJ bullets are. This has to do with the reduced tendency of AP projectiles to yaw (turn sideways after impact).
** [[Full metal jacket bullet|Full metal jacket]] (FMJ): Made with a lead core surrounded by a full covering of brass, copper, or mild steel. These usually offer very little deformation or terminal performance expansion, but will occasionally yaw (turn sideways). Despite the name, an FMJ bullet typically has an exposed lead base, which is not visible in an intact cartridge.
** [[Glaser Safety Slug|Glaser safety slug]]: Copper jackets filled with bird shot and covered by a crimped polymer endcap. Upon impact with flesh, the projectile is supposed to fragment, with the birdshot spreading like a miniature shotgun pattern.
** Jacketed hollow point (JHP): Soon after the invention of the JSP, Woolwich Arsenal in Great Britain experimented with this design even further by forming a hole or cavity in the nose of the bullet while keeping most of the exterior profile intact. These bullets could theoretically deform even faster and expand to a larger diameter than the JSP. In personal defense use, concerns have arisen over whether clothing, especially heavy materials like denim, can clog the cavity of JHP bullets and cause expansion failures.
** Jacketed soft point (JSP): In the late 19th century, the Indian Army at [[Dum-Dum Arsenal]], near Kolkata, developed a variation of the FMJ design where the jacket did not cover the nose of the bullet. The soft lead nose was found to expand in the flesh while the remaining jacket still prevented lead fouling in the barrel. The JSP roughly splits the difference between FMJ and JHP. It gives more penetration than JHP but has better terminal ballistic characteristics than the FMJ.
** Round nose lead (RNL): An unjacketed lead bullet. Although largely supplanted by jacketed ammunition, this is still common for older revolver cartridges. Some hunters prefer roundnose ammunition for hunting in brush because they erroneously believe that such a bullet deflects less than sharp-nosed [[spitzer (bullet)|spitzer bullets]], regardless of the fact that this belief has been repeatedly proven not to be true. Refer to American Rifleman magazine.
** Flat nose lead (FNL): Similar to round nose lead, with a flattened nose. Common in [[Cowboy Action Shooting|cowboy action shooting]] and plinking ammunition loads.
** Total metal jacket (TMJ): Featured in some Speer cartridges, the TMJ bullet has a lead core completely and seamlessly enclosed in brass, copper or other jacket metal, including the base. According to Speer's literature, this prevents hot propellant gases from vaporizing lead from the base of the bullet, reducing lead emissions. [[Sellier & Bellot]] produce a similar version that they call TFMJ, with a separate end cap of jacket material.
** Wadcutter (WC): Similar to the FNL, but completely cylindrical, in some instances with a slight concavity in the nose. This bullet derives its name from its popularity for target shooting, because the form factor cuts neat holes in paper targets, making scoring easier and more accurate and because it typically cuts a larger hole than a round nose bullet, a hit centered at the same spot can touch the next smaller ring and therefore score higher.
** Semi-wadcutter (SWC) identical to the WC with a smaller diameter flap pointed conical or radiused nose added. Has the same advantages for target shooters but is easier to load into the gun and works more reliably in semi-automatic guns. This design is also superior for some hunting applications.
** Truncated cone: Also known as round nose flat point, etc. Descriptive of typical modern commercial cast bullet designs.

The [[Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907|Hague Convention of 1899]] bans the use of expanding projectiles against the military forces of other nations. Some countries accept this as a blanket ban against the use of expanding projectiles against anyone, while others<ref group="note">The US did not sign the complete Hague Convention of 1899 in any case, but still follows its guidelines in military conflicts.</ref> use JSP and HP against non-military forces such as terrorists and criminals.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sfbg.com/politics/2013/02/20/why-do-cops-use-hollow-point-bullets |title=San Francisco cops use hollow point bullets |access-date=18 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219023753/http://www.sfbg.com/politics/2013/02/20/why-do-cops-use-hollow-point-bullets |archive-date=19 December 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref>