Editing Boarding school (section)

==Sociological issues==
Some elite [[University-preparatory school|university-preparatory boarding schools]] for students from age 13 to 18 are seen by sociologists as centers of [[socialization]] for the next generation of the political [[upper class]] and reproduces an elitist [[class system]].<ref name="Cookson">{{Cite encyclopedia| publisher = University of Chicago Press| isbn = 978-0-226-47539-4| pages = 112–114| last1 = Cookson| first1 = Peter W. Jr.| last2 = Shweder| first2 = Richard A.| title = Boarding Schools| encyclopedia = The Child: An Encyclopedic Companion| date = 2009-09-15}}</ref> This attracts families who value power and [[Social hierarchy|hierarchy]] for the socialization of their family members.<ref name="Cookson"/> These families share a sense of entitlement to social class or hierarchy and power.<ref name="Cookson"/>

Boarding schools are seen by certain families as centres of socialization where students mingle with others of similar social hierarchy<ref name="Cookson"/> to form what is called an [[old boy network]]. Elite boarding school students are brought up with the assumption that they are meant to control society.<ref name="Cookson" /> Significant numbers of them enter the political upper class of society or join the financial elite in fields such as [[international banking]] and [[venture capital]].<ref name="Cookson" /> Elite boarding school socialization causes students to internalize a strong sense of entitlement and social control or hierarchy.<ref name="Cookson" /> This form of socialization is called "deep structure socialization" by Peter Cookson & Caroline Hodges (1985).<ref name="Cookson" /><ref name="Cookson2">{{Cite book| publisher = Basic Books| isbn = 978-0-465-06269-0| last1 = Cookson| first1 = Peter W. Jr.| last2 = Hodges Persell| first2 = Caroline| title = Preparing For Power: America's Elite Boarding Schools| date = 1987-09-30| url-access = registration| url = https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780465062690}}</ref> This refers to the way in which boarding schools not only manage to control the students' physical lives but also their emotional lives.<ref name="Cookson" /><ref name="Cookson2" />

Boarding school establishment involves control of behavior regarding several aspects of life including what is appropriate and/or acceptable which [[Adolescence|adolescents]] would consider as intrusive.<ref name="Cookson" /><ref name="Cookson2"/> This boarding school socialization is carried over well after leaving school and into their dealings with the social world.<ref name="Cookson" /> Thus it causes boarding school students to adhere to the values of the elite social class which they come from or which they aspire to be part of.<ref name="Cookson" /> Nick Duffell, author of ''Wounded Leaders: British elitism and the Entitlement Illusion – A Psychohistory'', states that the education of the elite in the British boarding school system leaves the nation with "a cadre of leaders who perpetuate a culture of elitism, bullying and misogyny affecting the whole of society".<ref name="duffel">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2014/jun/09/boarding-schools-bad-leaders-politicians-bullies-bumblers|title=Why boarding schools produce bad leaders|newspaper=The Guardian|date=2014-06-09|access-date=2017-09-24}}</ref> According to Peter W Cookson Jr (2009) the elitist tradition of preparatory boarding schools has declined due to the development of modern economy and the political rise of the liberal west coast of the United States of America.<ref name="Cookson" /><ref name="Cookson2"/>

===Socialization of role control and gender stratification===
The boarding school socialization of control and hierarchy develops deep rooted and strong adherence to [[Social Stratification|social roles]] and rigid [[Gender Roles|gender stratification]].<ref name="Cookson"/><ref name="Chase">{{Cite book| publisher = Oxford University Press| isbn = 978-0-19-530881-5| last = Chase| first = Sarah A.| title = Perfectly Prep: Gender Extremes at a New England Prep School| date = 2008-06-26}}</ref> In one studied school the [[social pressure]] for [[conformity]] was so severe that several students abused [[Performance-enhancing drugs|performance drugs]] like [[Adderall]] and [[Ritalin]] for both academic performance and to lose weight.<ref name="Cookson"/><ref name="Chase"/> The distinct and hierarchical nature of socialization in boarding school culture becomes very obvious in the manner students sit together and form [[cliques]], especially in the [[refectory]], or dining hall. This leads to pervasive form of explicit and implicit bullying, and excessive competition between cliques and between individuals.<ref name="Cookson"/><ref name="Chase"/> The rigid gender stratification and role control is displayed in the boys forming cliques on the basis of wealth and social background, and the girls overtly accepting that they would marry only for money, while choosing only rich or affluent males as boyfriends.<ref name="Cookson"/><ref name="Chase"/> Students are not able to display much sensitivity and emotional response and are unable to have closer relationships except on a superficial and [[Political correctness|politically correct]] level, engaging in social behaviour that would make them seem appropriate and rank high in social hierarchy.<ref name="Cookson"/><ref name="Chase"/> This affects their perceptions of gender and [[social stereotype|social roles]] later in life.<ref name="Cookson"/><ref name="Chase"/>