Editing Art Deco (section)

==Architecture==
{{Redirect|Art Deco Architecture|the book by Patricia Bayer|Art Deco Architecture: Design, Decoration and Detail from the Twenties and Thirties}}
{{See also|List of Art Deco architecture}}
<gallery mode="packed" heights="200">
File:P1030956 Paris Ier La Samaritaine rwk.JPG|[[La Samaritaine]] department store in [[Paris]] by [[Henri Sauvage]] (1925–1928)
File:Los Angeles City Hall building.jpg|[[Los Angeles City Hall]] by [[John B. Parkinson|John Parkinson]], [[John C. Austin]], and [[Albert C. Martin Sr.]] (1928)
File:Eastern Columbia Building-6.jpg|Entrance of the [[Eastern Columbia Building]] in [[Los Angeles]], California, by [[Claud Beelman]] (1930)
File:La Villa Empain en 2012, après restauration..jpg|Entrance of the [[Villa Empain]] in [[Ixelles]] (Brussels) by [[Michel Polak]] (1930–1934)
File:Cincinnati Union Terminal murals 2019a.jpg|[[Cincinnati Union Terminal]] in [[Cincinnati]], Ohio, by [[Alfred T. Fellheimer]] and [[Roland A. Wank]] (1933)
File:Nice, France, Église Jeanne d’Arc.jpg|[[Sainte Jeanne d'Arc Church, Nice|Church of St. Joan of Arc]] in [[Nice]], France, by Jacques Droz (1934)
File:Diet of Japan Kokkai 2009.jpg|[[National Diet Building]] in [[Tokyo]], after a design by Watanabe Fukuzo (1936)
File:Vertical panorama of the Mayakovskaya Metro Station.jpg|[[Mayakovskaya (Moscow Metro)|Mayakovskaya Metro Station]] in [[Moscow]] by [[Alexey Dushkin]] (1936) 
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===Styles===
The architectural style of Art Deco made its debut in Paris in 1903–04, with the construction of two apartment buildings in Paris, one by Auguste Perret on rue Benjamin Franklin and the other on rue Trétaigne by Henri Sauvage. The two young architects used reinforced concrete for the first time in Paris residential buildings; the new buildings had clean lines, rectangular forms, and no decoration on the façades; they marked a clean break with the [[Art Nouveau|art nouveau]] style.{{Sfn|Poisson|2009|pages=299, 318}} Between 1910 and 1913, Perret used his experience in concrete apartment buildings to construct the Théâtre des Champs-Élysées, 15 [[avenue Montaigne]]. Between 1925 and 1928 Sauvage constructed the new Art Deco façade of [[La Samaritaine]] department store in Paris.{{Sfn|Plum|2014|page=134}}

The Art Deco style was not limited to buildings on land; the ocean liner SS ''Normandie'', whose first voyage was in 1935, featured Art Deco design, including a dining room whose ceiling and decoration were made of glass by [[Lalique]].{{sfn|Ardman|1985|pp=86-87}}

Art Deco architecture is sometimes classified into three types: Zigzag [Moderne] (aka Jazz Moderne<ref name=adsla>{{cite web | title=Art Deco Society of Los Angeles | website=Art Deco Society of Los Angeles | url=https://artdecola.org/what-is-art-deco | access-date=10 January 2024}}</ref>); Classic Moderne; and [[Streamline Moderne]].<ref name=ih>{{cite web | title=Types of Art Deco Architecture | website=Inviting Home | date=30 August 2019 | url=https://invitinghome.com/types-of-art-deco-architecture/ | access-date=10 January 2024}}</ref>

====Zigzag Moderne====
{{main|Zigzag Moderne}}
'''Zigzag Moderne''' (aka '''Jazz Moderne''') was the first style to arrive in the United States. "[[Zigzag]]" refers to the stepping of the outline of a skyscraper to exaggerate its height,<ref name=ih/><ref name=adsla/> and was mainly used for large public and commercial buildings, in particular hotels, movie theaters, restaurants, skyscrapers, and department stores.<ref name=508park/>

====Classic Moderne====
Classic Moderne has a more graceful appearance, and there is less ornamentation. Classic Moderne is also sometimes referred to as PWA ([[Public Works Administration]]) Moderne or Depression Moderne, as it was undertaken by the PWA during the [[Great Depression]].<ref name=508park>{{cite web | title=Styles of Art Deco | website=508 Park | url=http://www.508park.org/styles-of-art-deco | access-date=10 January 2024}}</ref><ref name=adsla/><ref name=ih/>

====Streamline Moderne====
{{main|Streamline Moderne}}
In the late 1930s, a new variety of Art Deco architecture became common; it was called [[Streamline Moderne]] or simply Streamline, or, in France, the ''Style Paquebot'', or Ocean Liner style. Buildings in the style had rounded corners and long horizontal lines; they were built of reinforced concrete and were almost always white; and they sometimes had nautical features, such as railings and portholes that resembled those on a ship. The rounded corner was not entirely new; it had appeared in Berlin in 1923 in the [[Mossehaus]] by [[Erich Mendelsohn]], and later in the [[Hoover Building]], an industrial complex in the London suburb of [[Perivale]]. In the United States, it became most closely associated with transport; Streamline moderne was rare in office buildings but was often used for bus stations and airport terminals, such as the terminal at La Guardia airport in New York City that handled the first transatlantic flights, via the PanAm Clipper flying boats; and in roadside architecture, such as gas stations and diners. In the late 1930s a series of diners, modelled upon streamlined railroad cars, were produced and installed in towns in New England; at least two examples still remain and are now registered historic buildings.{{Sfn|Duncan|1988|page=197}}
<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px">
File:Broadcasting House by Stephen Craven.jpg|The nautical-style rounded corner of [[Broadcasting House]] in [[London]] (1931)
File:Immeuble de Pierre Patout Bd Victor Paris XV.jpg|Building in the ''Paquebot'' or ocean liner style, at 3, boulevard Victor, [[Paris]], by [[Pierre Patout]] (1935)
File:Pan-Pacific Auditorium entrance.jpg|[[Pan-Pacific Auditorium]] in [[Los Angeles]], California, by [[Wurdeman & Becket]] (1936)
File:LaGuardia MarineAirTerminal 1974.jpg|The [[Marine Air Terminal]] at [[La Guardia Airport]] (1937) was [[New York City]]'s terminal for the flights of [[Pan Am Clipper]] flying boats to Europe.
File:Hoover Building No 1.jpg|The [[Hoover Building]] canteen in [[Perivale]] in London's suburbs, by Wallis, Gilbert and Partners (1938)
File:Ancien Institut national de Radiodiffusion - vue d'ensemble.JPG|[[Le Flagey|Former Belgian National Institute of Radio Broadcasting]] in [[Ixelles]] (Brussels) by Joseph Diongre (1938)
File:World Fair 1939 LOC gsc.5a03061.jpg|The [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] Pavilion at the [[1939 New York World's Fair]]
File:First Church of Deliverance 2.jpg|Streamline Moderne church, [[First Church of Deliverance]] in [[Chicago]], Illinois, by [[Walter T. Bailey]] (1939). Towers added in 1948.
</gallery>

===Building types===
====Skyscrapers====
<gallery mode="packed" heights="220px">
File:NYC - American Radiator Building.jpg|The [[American Radiator Building]] in [[New York City]] by [[Raymond Hood]] (1924)
File:Carbide & Carbon Building, Chicago in May 2016.jpg|[[Carbide & Carbon Building]] in [[Chicago]], Illinois, by [[Burnham Brothers]] (1929)
File:Chrysler Building by David Shankbone Retouched.jpg|[[Chrysler Building]] in New York City by [[William Van Alen]] (1930)
File:Times Square Building, Rochester, New York.jpg|[[Times Square Building (Rochester)|The Times Square Building]] in [[Rochester, New York|Rochester, NY]] by [[Ralph Thomas Walker]] (1930)
File:National Newark Building + Eleven 80.jpg|[[Eleven 80|The Lefcourt Building]] (1930) by [[Grad Associates|Frank Grad]] and [[National Newark Building|the National Newark Building]] by [[John H. & Wilson C. Ely]] (1933) in [[Newark, New Jersey|Newark, NJ]]
File:Empire State Building (aerial view).jpg|[[Empire State Building]] in New York City by [[Shreve, Lamb & Harmon]] (1931)
File:Pittsburgh-gulf-tower-2007.jpg|[[Gulf Tower]] in [[Pittsburgh]], Pennsylvania, by [[Trowbridge & Livingston]] and [[Edward Mellon]] (1932)
File:570 Lexington Avenue2.JPG|Crown of the [[General Electric Building]] (also known as 570 Lexington Avenue) in New York City by [[Cross & Cross]] (1933)
File:GE Building by David Shankbone.JPG|[[30 Rockefeller Plaza]], now the Comcast Building, in New York City by [[Raymond Hood]] (1933)
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American skyscrapers marked the summit of the Art Deco style; they became the tallest and most recognizable modern buildings in the world, designed to show the prestige of their builders through height, shape, their color, and dramatic illumination at night.<ref>John Burchard and Albert Bush Brown, ''The Architecture of America'' (1966), Atlantic, Little and Brown, page 277</ref> The [[American Radiator Building]] by [[Raymond Hood]] (1924) combined Gothic and Deco modern elements in the design of the building. Black brick on the frontage of the building (symbolizing coal) was selected to give an idea of solidity and to give the building a solid mass. Other parts of the façade were covered in gold bricks (symbolizing fire), and the entry was decorated with marble and black mirrors. Another early Art Deco skyscraper was Detroit's [[Guardian Building]], which opened in 1929. Designed by modernist [[Wirt C. Rowland]], the building was the first to employ stainless steel as a decorative element, and the extensive use of colored designs in place of traditional ornaments.

New York City's skyline was radically changed by the [[Chrysler Building]] in Manhattan (completed in 1930), designed by [[William Van Alen]]. It was a giant seventy-seven-floor tall advertisement for Chrysler automobiles. The top was crowned by a stainless steel spire, and was ornamented by deco "gargoyles" in the form of stainless steel radiator cap decorations. The base of the tower, thirty-three stories above the street, was decorated with colorful Art Deco friezes, and the lobby was decorated with Art Deco symbols and images expressing modernity.{{Sfn|Benton|Benton|Wood|2003|pages=249–258}}

The Chrysler Building was soon surpassed in height by the [[Empire State Building]] by [[William F. Lamb]] (1931), in a slightly less lavish Deco style and the [[RCA Building]] (now 30 Rockefeller Plaza) by Raymond Hood (1933) which together completely changed New York City's skyline. The tops of the buildings were decorated with Art Deco crowns and spires covered with stainless steel, and, in the case of the Chrysler building, with Art Deco gargoyles modeled after radiator ornaments, while the entrances and lobbies were lavishly decorated with Art Deco sculpture, ceramics, and design. Similar buildings, though not quite as tall, soon appeared in Chicago and other large American cities. Rockefeller Center added a new design element: several tall buildings grouped around an open plaza, with a fountain in the middle.{{Sfn|Morel|2012|pages=125–30}}

Across the [[Hudson River]], Art Deco style skyscrapers [[List of Art Deco architecture in New Jersey|were constructed]] in [[Newark, New Jersey]] in the '20s and '30s, namely the [[New Jersey Bell Headquarters Building|New Jersey Bell Headquarters]] (completed in 1929), designed by [[Ralph Thomas Walker]]; the [[Eleven 80|Lefcourt Building]] (completed in 1930), designed by [[Grad Associates|Frank Grad]]; and the [[National Newark Building]] (completed in 1933), designed by [[John H. & Wilson C. Ely]]. [[John Cotton Dana]], head of the [[Newark Public Library]] during this period, remarked contemporaneously that these skyscrapers transformed Newark from a "huge, uncouth and unthinking industrial Frankenstein monster into a place of refinement."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Di Ionna |first1=Mark |title=Art Deco Buildings Turned Newark from Frankenstein Monster to Place of Refinement |url=https://www.tapinto.net/towns/berkeley-heights/articles/art-deco-buildings-turned-newark-from-frankenstein-monster-to-place-of-refinement |website=tapinto.net |publisher=Tapinto |access-date=3 February 2025 |date=July 2, 2019}}</ref>

===="Cathedrals of Commerce"====
<gallery mode="packed" heights="200">
File:Interior of Fisher Building, Detroit.JPG|The [[Fisher Building]] in [[Detroit]], Michigan, by [[Joseph Nathaniel French]] (1928)
File:Detroit December 2015 30 (Guardian Building).jpg|Lower lobby of the [[Guardian Building]] in Detroit by [[Wirt Rowland]] (1929)
File:450 Sutter St. lobby 2.JPG|Lobby of [[450 Sutter Street]] in [[San Francisco]], California, by [[Timothy Pflueger]] (1929)
File:Chrysler Building Lobby.jpg|Lobby of the [[Chrysler Building]] in [[New York City]], by [[William Van Alen]] (1930)
File:Chrysler building door detail crown.jpg|Interior door in the Chrysler Building (1930)
File:Chandelier, Carew Tower.jpg|Ceiling and chandelier detail on the lobby of the [[Carew Tower]] in [[Cincinnati]], Ohio, by [[Walter W. Ahlschlager]] (1930)
File:Haltusch.jpg|Foyer of the [[Tuschinski Theatre]] in [[Amsterdam]] by Hijman Louis de Jong (1921)
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The grand showcases of American Art Deco interior design were the lobbies of government buildings, theaters, and particularly office buildings. Interiors were extremely colorful and dynamic, combining sculpture, murals, and ornate geometric design in marble, glass, ceramics and stainless steel. An early example was the [[Fisher Building]] in Detroit, by [[Joseph Nathaniel French]]; the lobby was highly decorated with sculpture and ceramics. The [[Guardian Building]] (originally the Union Trust Building) in Detroit, by [[Wirt Rowland]] (1929), decorated with red and black marble and brightly colored ceramics, highlighted by highly polished steel elevator doors and counters. The sculptural decoration installed in the walls illustrated the virtues of industry and saving; the building was immediately termed the "Cathedral of Commerce". The Medical and Dental Building called [[450 Sutter Street]] in San Francisco by [[Timothy Pflueger]] was inspired by [[Maya civilization|Mayan]] architecture, in a highly stylized form; it used pyramid shapes, and the interior walls were covered with highly stylized rows of hieroglyphs.{{Sfn|Duncan|1988|pages=198–200}}

In France, the best example of an Art Deco interior during this period was the [[Palais de la Porte Dorée]] (1931) by [[Albert Laprade]], [[Léon Jaussely]] and [[Léon Bazin]]. The building (now the National Museum of Immigration, with an aquarium in the basement) was built for the [[Paris Colonial Exposition]] of 1931, to celebrate the people and products of French colonies. The exterior façade was entirely covered with sculpture, and the lobby created an Art Deco harmony with a wood parquet floor in a geometric pattern, a mural depicting the people of French colonies; and a harmonious composition of vertical doors and horizontal balconies.{{Sfn|Duncan|1988|pages=198–200}}

====Movie palaces====
<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px">
File:Pathe Tuschinski.jpg|[[Tuschinski Theatre]] in [[Amsterdam]] by Hijman Louis de Jong and Willem Kromhout (1921)
File:Graumanegyptian-opening1922.jpg|[[Grauman's Egyptian Theatre]] in [[Hollywood, Los Angeles|Hollywood (Los Angeles)]], California, by [[Meyer & Holler]] (1922)
File:Paramount Theatre in Oakland, California LCCN2013635154.tif|Four-story high grand lobby of the [[Paramount Theatre (Oakland, California)|Paramount Theatre]] in [[Oakland]], California, by [[Timothy Pflueger]] (1932)
File:Radio City Music Hall 3051638324 4a385c5623.jpg|Auditorium and stage of [[Radio City Music Hall]] in [[New York City]] by [[Edward Durell Stone]] and [[Donald Deskey]] (1932)
File:Facade Rex.jpg|[[Grand Rex]] in [[Paris]] by Auguste Bluysen, [[John Eberson]], Henri-Édouard Navarre and [[Maurice Dufrêne]] (1932)
File:The Paramount, Shanghai.JPG|The [[Paramount (Shanghai)|Paramount]] in [[Shanghai]], China, by S. J. Young (1933)
File:Gaumont State Cinema Entrance.jpg|[[Gaumont State Cinema]] in [[London]] by [[George Coles (architect)|George Coles]] (1937)
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Many of the best surviving examples of Art Deco are cinemas built in the 1920s and 1930s. The Art Deco period coincided with the conversion of silent films to sound, and movie companies built large display destinations in major cities to capture the huge audience that came to see movies. Movie palaces in the 1920s often combined exotic themes with Art Deco style; [[Grauman's Egyptian Theatre]] in Hollywood (1922) was inspired by ancient Egyptian tombs and [[pyramid]]s, while the [[Fox Theater (Bakersfield, California)|Fox Theater]] in Bakersfield, California attached a tower in California Mission style to an Art Deco Hall. The largest of all is [[Radio City Music Hall]] in New York City, which opened in 1932. Originally designed as theatrical performance space, it quickly transformed into a cinema, which could seat 6,015 customers. The interior design by [[Donald Deskey]] used glass, aluminum, chrome, and leather to create a visual escape from reality. The [[Paramount Theatre (Oakland, California)|Paramount Theatre]] in Oakland, California, by Timothy Pflueger, had a colorful ceramic façade, a lobby four stories high, and separate Art Deco smoking rooms for gentlemen and ladies. Similar grand palaces appeared in Europe. The [[Grand Rex]] in Paris (1932), with its imposing tower, was the largest cinema in Europe after the 6,000 seats of the [[Gaumont-Palace]] (1931–1973). The [[Gaumont State Cinema]] in London (1937) had a tower modelled on the Empire State building, covered with cream ceramic tiles and an interior in an Art Deco-Italian Renaissance style. The [[Paramount (Shanghai)|Paramount]] Theatre in Shanghai, China (1933) was originally built as a dance hall called ''The gate of 100 pleasures''; it was converted to a cinema after the Communist Revolution in 1949, and now is a ballroom and disco. In the 1930s Italian architects built a small movie palace, the Cinema Impero, in [[Asmara]] in what is now Eritrea. Today, many of the movie theatres have been subdivided into multiplexes, but others have been restored and are used as cultural centres in their communities.{{Sfn|Duncan|1988|pages=197–199}}