Editing Angola (section)

==Economy==
{{Main|Economy of Angola}}
[[File:GDP per capita development of Angola.svg|thumb|GDP per capita 1950 to 2018]]
Angola has diamonds, oil, gold, copper, rich wildlife (which was dramatically depleted during the civil war), forest, and fossil fuels. Since independence, oil and diamonds have been the most important economic resources. [[Smallholding|Smallholder]] and [[plantation]] agriculture dramatically dropped during the [[Angolan Civil War]], but began to recover after 2002.

Angola's economy has in recent years moved on from the disarray caused by a quarter-century of [[Angolan civil war]] to become the fastest-growing economy in Africa and one of the fastest-growing in the world, with an average [[GDP]] growth of 20% between 2005 and 2007.<ref>[http://www.mfw4a.org/angola/angola-financial-sector-profile.html Angola Financial Sector Profile: MFW4A – Making Finance Work for Africa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513110141/http://www.mfw4a.org/angola/angola-financial-sector-profile.html |date=13 May 2011 }}. MFW4A. Retrieved 9 August 2013.</ref> In the period 2001–10, Angola had the world's highest [[annual average GDP growth]], at 11.1%.

In 2004, the [[Export–Import Bank of China|Exim Bank of China]] approved a $2&nbsp;billion [[line of credit]] to Angola, to be used for rebuilding Angola's [[infrastructure]], and to limit the influence of the [[International Monetary Fund]] there.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pinr.com/report.php?ac=view_report&report_id=460|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060505120801/http://www.pinr.com/report.php?ac=view_report&report_id=460&language_id=1|archive-date=5 May 2006|title=The Increasing Importance of African Oil|work=Power and Interest Report|date=20 March 2006}}</ref>

China is Angola's biggest trade partner and [[export]] destination as well as a significant source of [[import]]s. Bilateral trade reached $27.67&nbsp;billion in 2011, up 11.5% year-on-year. China's imports, mainly [[crude oil]] and diamonds, increased 9.1% to $24.89&nbsp;billion while China's exports to Angola, including mechanical and electrical products, machinery parts and construction materials, surged 38.8%.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://globaltradelogistic.com/logistics/africa/angola/|title=Angolo|website=Global Trade Logistic|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190121064335/http://globaltradelogistic.com/logistics/africa/angola/|archive-date=21 January 2019|url-status=dead |access-date=20 January 2019}}</ref> The oil [[Overproduction|glut]] led to a local [[price]] for unleaded gasoline of [[Pound sterling|£]]0.37 a gallon.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/expat/expatnews/8632811/Luanda-capital-of-Angola-retains-title-of-worlds-most-expensive-for-expats.html |title=Luanda, capital of Angola, retains title of world's most expensive for expats |url-access=subscription |website=The Daily Telegraph|location=London |first1=Aislinn |last1=Laing  |date=13 July 2011 |access-date=4 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170905035011/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/expat/expatnews/8632811/Luanda-capital-of-Angola-retains-title-of-worlds-most-expensive-for-expats.html |archive-date=5 September 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>

As of 2021, the biggest import partners were the European Union, followed by China, [[Togo]], the United States, and Brazil.<ref name=":3" /> More than half of Angola's exports go to China, followed by a significantly smaller amount to India, the European Union, and the United Arab Emirates.<ref name=":4" />

The Angolan economy grew 18% in 2005, 26% in 2006 and 17.6% in 2007. Due to the global [[recession]], the economy contracted an estimated −0.3% in 2009.<ref name=CIA/> The security brought about by the 2002 peace settlement has allowed the resettlement of 4&nbsp;million displaced persons and a resulting large-scale increase in agriculture production. Angola's economy is expected to grow by 3.9 per cent in 2014 said the [[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF), robust growth in the non-oil economy, mainly driven by a very good performance in the agricultural sector, is expected to offset a temporary drop in oil production.<ref>{{cite web |url-status=dead |url=http://en.starafrica.com/news/angolas-economy-to-grow-by-3-9-percent-imf.html |title=Angola's economy to grow by 3.9 percent-IMF |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713173958/http://en.starafrica.com/news/angolas-economy-to-grow-by-3-9-percent-imf.html |archive-date=13 July 2015 |website= StarAfrica |date=4 September 2014 |agency= APA }}</ref>
[[File:Banco Nacional de Angola in Luanda - Angola 2015.jpg|thumb|right|The [[National Bank of Angola]].]]
Angola's financial system is maintained by the [[National Bank of Angola]] and managed by the governor [[:no:Jose de Lima Massano|Jose de Lima Massano]]. According to a study on the banking sector, carried out by [[Deloitte]], the monetary policy led by [[Banco Nacional de Angola]] (BNA), the Angolan national bank, allowed a decrease in the inflation rate put at 7.96% in December 2013, which contributed to the sector's growth trend.<ref>{{cite web |url-status=dead |url=http://www.portalangop.co.ao/angola/pt_pt/noticias/economia/2014/8/39/Angola-Sector-bancario-mantem-crescimento-2013,cd70b614-7123-4e91-b07f-caed89276592.html |title=Angola: Sector bancário mantém crescimento em 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006072005/http://www.portalangop.co.ao/angola/pt_pt/noticias/economia/2014/8/39/Angola-Sector-bancario-mantem-crescimento-2013,cd70b614-7123-4e91-b07f-caed89276592.html |archive-date=6 October 2014 |website=Angola Press |date=26 September 2014}}</ref> Estimates released by Angola's central bank, said the country's economy should grow at an annual average rate of 5 per cent over the next four years, boosted by the increasing participation of the private sector.<ref>{{cite web |url-status=dead |url=https://af.reuters.com/article/investingNews/idAFKCN0HV1EN20141006 |title=Angola seen growing average 5 percent: Central Bank |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201041824/https://af.reuters.com/article/investingNews/idAFKCN0HV1EN20141006 |archive-date=1 December 2017 |work=Reuters|location=Africa |date=10 June 2014}}</ref> Angola was ranked 133rd in the [[Global Innovation Index]] in 2024.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2024/en/|title=Global Innovation Index 2024. Unlocking the Promise of Social Entrepreneurship|access-date=2024-10-22|author=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]]|year=2024|isbn=978-92-805-3681-2|doi=10.34667/tind.50062|website=www.wipo.int|location=Geneva|page=18|archive-date=10 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241210002031/https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2024/en/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Although the country's economy has grown significantly since Angola achieved political stability in 2002, mainly due to fast-rising earnings in the oil sector, Angola faces huge social and economic problems. These are in part a result of almost continual armed conflict from 1961 on, although the highest level of destruction and socio-economic damage took place after the 1975 independence, during the long years of [[Angolan Civil War|civil war]]. However, high [[poverty rate]]s and blatant [[social inequality]] chiefly stems from persistent [[authoritarianism]], "neo-patrimonial" practices at all levels of the political, administrative, military and economic structures, and of [[Corruption in Angola|a pervasive corruption]].<ref>Anti-corruption watchdog [[Transparency International]] rates Angola one of the 10 most corrupt countries in the world.</ref><ref>Dolan, Kerry A. (23 January 2013). [https://www.forbes.com/sites/kerryadolan/2013/01/23/isabel-dos-santos-daughter-of-angolas-president-is-africas-first-woman-billionaire/ "Isabel Dos Santos, Daughter Of Angola's President, Is Africa's First Woman Billionaire"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170815004333/https://www.forbes.com/sites/kerryadolan/2013/01/23/isabel-dos-santos-daughter-of-angolas-president-is-africas-first-woman-billionaire/ |date=15 August 2017 }}. ''Forbes''.</ref> The main beneficiaries are political, administrative, economic and military power holders, who have accumulated (and continue to accumulate) enormous wealth.<ref>This process is well analyzed by authors like [[Christine Messiant]], Tony Hodges and others. For an eloquent illustration, see the Angolan magazine ''Infra-Estruturas África'' 7/2010.</ref>
[[File:Cidade Financeira de Luanda 2 (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|Luanda Financial City]]

"Secondary beneficiaries" are the middle strata that are about to become [[social class]]es. However, almost half the population has to be considered poor, with dramatic differences between the countryside and the cities, where slightly more than 50% of the people reside.{{citation needed|date=July 2021}}

A study carried out in 2008 by the Angolan Instituto Nacional de Estatística found that in rural areas roughly 58% must be classified as "poor" according to UN norms but in the urban areas only 19%, and an overall rate of 37%.<ref>{{cite web |title=Angola / Exame |url=http://www.exameangola.com/pt/?det=16943&id=2000&mid= |access-date=20 December 2023 |date=26 October 2013 |archive-date=26 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131026082704/http://www.exameangola.com/pt/?det=16943&id=2000&mid= |url-status=usurped }}</ref> In cities, a majority of families, well beyond those officially classified as poor, must adopt a variety of survival strategies.<ref>Udelsmann Rodrigues, Cristina (2006) ''O Trabalho Dignifica o Homem: Estratégias de Sobrevivência em Luanda'', Lisbon: Colibri.</ref>{{clarify|date=November 2017}} In urban areas social inequality is most evident and it is extreme in Luanda.<ref>As an excellent illustration see ''Luanda: A vida na cidade dos extremos'', in: ''Visão'', 11 November 2010.</ref> In the [[Human Development Index]] Angola constantly ranks in the bottom group.<ref>The HDI 2010 lists Angola in the 146th position among 169 countries—one position below that of Haiti. MLP l [http://www.undp.org/publications/hdr2010/en/HDR_2010_EN_Table1.pdf ''Human Development Index and its components.''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110428201043/http://www.undp.org/publications/hdr2010/en/HDR_2010_EN_Table1.pdf|date=28 April 2011}}</ref>
[[File:Hotel in Lobito.JPG|thumb|right|[[Tourism in Angola]] has grown with the country's economy and stability.]]
In January 2020, a leak of government documents known as the ''Luanda Leaks'' showed that U.S. consulting companies such as [[Boston Consulting Group]], [[McKinsey & Company]], and [[PricewaterhouseCoopers]] had helped members of the family of former President [[José Eduardo dos Santos]] (especially his daughter [[Isabel dos Santos]]) corruptly run Sonangol for their own personal profit, helping them use the company's revenues to fund vanity projects in France and Switzerland.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Forsythe |first1=Michael |last2=Gurney |first2=Kyra |last3=Alecci |first3=Scilla |last4=Hallman |first4=Ben |title=How U.S. Firms Helped Africa's Richest Woman Exploit Her Country's Wealth |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/19/world/africa/isabel-dos-santos.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200119182007/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/19/world/africa/isabel-dos-santos.html |archive-date=19 January 2020 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |access-date=20 January 2020 |date=19 January 2020}}</ref> After further revelations in the [[Pandora Papers]], former generals [[Hélder Vieira Dias|Dias]] and [[Leopoldino Fragoso do Nascimento|do Nascimento]] and former presidential advisers were also accused of misappropriating significant public funds for personal benefit.<ref name="fit1">{{cite news |last1=Fitzgibbon |first1=Will |title=Dos Santos and clique still appearing in leaks |url=https://www.namibian.com.na/109480/read/Dos-Santos-and-clique-still-appearing-in-leaks |access-date=3 February 2022  |work=The Namibian |date=28 January 2022 |archive-date=3 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220203223210/https://www.namibian.com.na/109480/read/Dos-Santos-and-clique-still-appearing-in-leaks |url-status=live }}</ref>

The enormous differences between the regions pose a serious structural problem for the Angolan economy, illustrated by the fact that about one third of economic activities are concentrated in Luanda and neighbouring Bengo province, while several areas of the interior suffer economic stagnation and even regression.<ref>Manuel Alves da Rocha (2010) [http://www.ceic-ucan.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/desigualdades-e-assimetrias-regionais-em-angola.pdf ''Desigualdades e assimetrias regionais em Angola: Os factores da competitividade territorial''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318160716/http://www.ceic-ucan.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/desigualdades-e-assimetrias-regionais-em-angola.pdf |date=18 March 2015 }}, Luanda: Centro de Estudos e Investigação Científica da Universidade Católica de Angola.</ref>

One of the economic consequences of social and regional disparities is a sharp increase in Angolan private investments abroad. The small fringe of Angolan society where most of the asset accumulation takes place seeks to spread its assets, for reasons of security and profit. For the time being, the biggest share of these investments is concentrated in Portugal where the [[Angolans in Portugal|Angolan presence]] (including the family of the state president) in banks as well as in the domains of energy, [[Telecommunications in Angola|telecommunications]], and [[mass media]] has become notable, as has the acquisition of vineyards and orchards as well as of tourism enterprises.<ref>"A força do kwanza", ''Visão'' (Lisbon), 993, 15 May 2012, pp. 50–54</ref>
[[File:Rua Kwame Nkrumah Luanda 05.JPG|thumb|Corporate headquarters in Luanda]]
Angola has upgraded critical infrastructure, an investment made possible by funds from the country's development of oil resources.<ref>[http://www.tonyblairoffice.org/africa/news-entry/The-New-Prosperity-Strategies-for-Improving-Well-Being-in-Sub-Saharan-Afri/ The New Prosperity: Strategies for Improving Well-Being in Sub-Saharan Africa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150708202725/http://www.tonyblairoffice.org/africa/news-entry/The-New-Prosperity-Strategies-for-Improving-Well-Being-in-Sub-Saharan-Afri/ |date=8 July 2015 }} Tony Blair Africa Governance Initiative 1 May 2013</ref> According to a report, just slightly more than ten years after the end of the [[Angolan Civil War|civil war]] Angola's standard of living has overall greatly improved. Life expectancy, which was just 46 years in 2002, reached 51 in 2011. Mortality rates for children fell from 25 per cent in 2001 to 19 per cent in 2010 and the number of students enrolled in primary school has tripled since 2001.<ref>[https://www.bcgperspectives.com/Images/BCG_The_New_Prosperity_tcm80-133457.pdf The New Prosperity: Strategies for Improving Well-Being in Sub-Saharan Africa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713173954/https://www.bcgperspectives.com/Images/BCG_The_New_Prosperity_tcm80-133457.pdf |date=13 July 2015 }} Report by The Boston Consulting Group and Tony Blair Africa Governance Initiative, May 2013</ref> However, at the same time the social and economic inequality that has characterised the country for so long has not diminished, but has deepened in all respects.

With a stock of assets corresponding to 70&nbsp;billion Kz (US$6.8&nbsp;billion), Angola is now the third-largest financial market in sub-Saharan Africa, surpassed only by [[Nigeria]] and South Africa. According to the Angolan Minister of Economy, [[Abraão Gourgel]], the financial market of the country grew modestly since 2002 and now occupies third place in sub-Saharan Africa.<ref>[http://www.macauhub.com.mo/en/2014/07/23/angola-is-the-third-largest-sub-saharan-financial-market/ Angola is the third-largest sub-Saharan financial market] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814052145/http://www.macauhub.com.mo/en/2014/07/23/angola-is-the-third-largest-sub-saharan-financial-market/ |date=14 August 2014 }}, MacauHub, 23 July 2014</ref>

On 19 December 2014, the Capital Market in Angola was launched. [[Angola Stock Exchange and Derivatives|BODIVA]] (Angola Stock Exchange and Derivatives, in English) was allocated the secondary public debt market, and was expected to launch the corporate debt market by 2015, though the stock market itself was only expected to commence trading in 2016.<ref>[http://www.portalangop.co.ao/angola/en_us/noticias/economia/2014/11/51/Angola-CMC-prepares-launch-debt-secondary-market,54877cb4-fc83-4047-8752-a27150a365dc.html CMC prepares launch of debt secondary market] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318222717/http://www.portalangop.co.ao/angola/en_us/noticias/economia/2014/11/51/Angola-CMC-prepares-launch-debt-secondary-market,54877cb4-fc83-4047-8752-a27150a365dc.html |date=18 March 2015 }} Angola Press Agency, 16 December 2014</ref>

===Natural resources===
[[File:Offshore platform on move to final destination, Ilha de Luanda (cropped).JPG|thumb|right|An [[Oil platform|offshore oil drilling platform]] off the coast of central Angola]]
''[[The Economist]]'' reported in 2008 that diamonds and oil make up 60% of Angola's economy, almost all of the country's [[revenue]] and all of its dominant [[export]]s.<ref>[http://www.economist.com/node/12009946 "Marching towards riches and democracy?"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141031094320/http://www.economist.com/node/12009946 |date=31 October 2014 }} [[The Economist]]. 30 August 2008. p. 46.</ref> Growth is almost entirely driven by rising [[Extraction of petroleum|oil production]] which surpassed {{convert|1.4|Moilbbl/d|m3/d}} in late 2005 and was expected to grow to {{convert|2|Moilbbl/d|m3/d}} by 2007. Control of the [[Petroleum industry|oil industry]] is consolidated in [[Sonangol Group]], a conglomerate owned by the Angolan government. In December 2006, Angola was admitted as a member of [[OPEC]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Angola: Country Admitted As Opec Member|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200612140990.html|date=14 December 2006|publisher=Angola Press Agency|access-date=15 December 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019012049/http://allafrica.com/stories/200612140990.html|archive-date=19 October 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2022, the country produced an average of 1.165 million barrels of oil per day, according to ''Agência Nacional de Petróleo, Gás e Biocombustíveis'' (ANPG), the national oil, gas and biofuels agency.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Homepage |url=https://anpg.co.ao/ |access-date=24 August 2022 |website=ANPG |language=pt-PT |archive-date=4 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204013514/https://anpg.co.ao/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

According to [[the Heritage Foundation]], a conservative American [[think tank]], oil production from Angola has increased so significantly that Angola now is China's biggest supplier of oil.<ref>{{cite web|last=Alt|first=Robert|url=http://www.heritage.org/research/africa/HL1006.CFM|title=Into Africa: China's Grab for Influence and Oil|publisher=Heritage.org|access-date=27 June 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100313053942/http://www.heritage.org/research/africa/HL1006.CFM|archive-date=13 March 2010|url-status=unfit}}</ref> "China has extended three multi-billion dollar lines of credit to the Angolan government; two loans of $2 billion from China Exim Bank, one in 2004, the second in 2007, as well as one loan in 2005 of $2.9 billion from [[China International Fund]] Ltd."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cfr.org/world/angolas-political-economic-development/p16820 |title=Angola's Political and Economic Development|website=Council on Foreign Relations|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160421141945/http://www.cfr.org/world/angolas-political-economic-development/p16820|archive-date=21 April 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

Growing oil revenues also created opportunities for [[Corruption in Angola|corruption]]: according to a recent [[Human Rights Watch]] report, US$32&nbsp;billion disappeared from government accounts in 2007–2010.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=22 December 2011|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2011/12/20/angola-explain-missing-government-funds|title=Angola: Explain Missing Government Funds|publisher=Human Rights Watch|date=20 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111221173830/http://www.hrw.org/news/2011/12/20/angola-explain-missing-government-funds|archive-date=21 December 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Furthermore, [[Sonangol]], the state-run oil company, controls 51% of Cabinda's oil. Due to this market control, the company ends up determining the profit received by the government and the taxes it pays. The council of foreign affairs states that the World Bank mentioned that Sonangol is a taxpayer, it carries out quasi-fiscal activities, it invests public funds, and, as concessionaire, it is a sector regulator. This multifarious work program creates conflicts of interest and characterises a complex relationship between Sonangol and the government that weakens the formal budgetary process and creates uncertainty as regards the actual fiscal stance of the state."<ref>{{cite web |title=Angola's political and economical development |url=http://www.cfr.org/world/angolas-political-economic-development/p16820 |url-status=dead |publisher=Council of Foreign Relations |last=Hanson |first=Stephanie |date=21 July 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160421141945/http://www.cfr.org/world/angolas-political-economic-development/p16820 |archive-date=21 April 2016 }}</ref>

In 2002, Angola demanded compensation for [[oil spill]]s allegedly caused by [[Chevron Corporation]], the first time it had fined a multinational corporation operating in its waters.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/2077836.stm |title=Business &#124; Angola fines Chevron for pollution |publisher=BBC News |date=1 July 2002 |access-date=15 September 2020 |archive-date=13 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120313192110/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/2077836.stm |url-status=live }}</ref>

Operations in its [[List of diamond mines|diamond mines]] include partnerships between state-run [[Endiama]] and mining companies such as [[ALROSA]] which operate in Angola.<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://www.angolancentenary.com/press6.pdf|title=Angolan Diamond Centenary Conference 2013 Highlights Endiama and Alrosa Joint Venture for Future Geological Exploration of diamond deposits of Angola's Territory|publisher=angolancentenary.com|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114012955/http://www.angolancentenary.com/press6.pdf|archive-date=14 November 2013}}</ref>

Access to [[biocapacity]] in Angola is higher than world average. In 2016, Angola had 1.9 global hectares<ref name=footprintdata>{{cite web|url=http://data.footprintnetwork.org/#/countryTrends?cn=7&type=BCpc,EFCpc|title=Country Trends|publisher=Global Footprint Network|access-date=2 June 2020|archive-date=8 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808050235/http://data.footprintnetwork.org/#/countryTrends?cn=7&type=BCpc,EFCpc|url-status=live}}</ref> of biocapacity per person within its territory, slightly more than world average of 1.6 global hectares per person.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Lin|first1=David|last2=Hanscom|first2=Laurel|last3=Murthy|first3=Adeline|last4=Galli|first4=Alessandro|last5=Evans|first5=Mikel|last6=Neill|first6=Evan|last7=Mancini|first7=MariaSerena|last8=Martindill|first8=Jon|last9=Medouar|first9=FatimeZahra|last10=Huang|first10=Shiyu|last11=Wackernagel |first11=Mathis|year=2018|title=Ecological Footprint Accounting for Countries: Updates and Results of the National Footprint Accounts, 2012–2018|journal=Resources|volume=7|issue=3|page=58|doi=10.3390/resources7030058|doi-access=free |bibcode=2018Resou...7...58L |issn = 2079-9276 }}</ref> In 2016, Angola used 1.01 global hectares of biocapacity per person – their [[ecological footprint]] of consumption. This means they use about half as much biocapacity as Angola contains. As a result, Angola is running a biocapacity reserve.<ref name=footprintdata/>

===Agriculture===
{{Main|Agriculture in Angola}}
[[File:HPP "CAPANDA".jpg|thumb|right|[[Capanda Dam]] on the [[Cuanza River|Cuanza]]]]
Agriculture and forestry is an area of potential opportunity for the country. The African Economic Outlook organization states that "Angola requires 4.5 million tonnes a year of grain but grows only about 55% of the [[maize]] it needs, 20% of the [[rice]] and just 5% of its required [[wheat]]".<ref>
Muzima, Joel. Mazivila, Domingos. "Angola 2014" Retrieved from [http://www.africaneconomicoutlook.org www.africaneconomicoutlook.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180530223258/http://www.africaneconomicoutlook.org/ |date=30 May 2018 }}
</ref>

In addition, the World Bank estimates that "less than 3 per cent of Angola's abundant fertile land is cultivated and the economic potential of the forestry sector remains largely unexploited".<ref>"Country partnership strategy for the Republic of Angola" (15 August 2013). World Bank (Report No. 76225-A0)</ref>

Before independence in 1975, [[Angola (Portugal)|Angola]] was a bread-basket of southern Africa and a major exporter of [[banana]]s, coffee and [[sisal]], but [[Angolan Civil War|three decades of civil war]] destroyed fertile countryside, left it littered with [[landmine]]s and drove millions into the cities. The country now depends on expensive food imports, mainly from South Africa and [[Portugal]], while more than 90% of farming is done at the family and subsistence level. Thousands of Angolan small-scale farmers are trapped in poverty.<ref>Redvers, Louise [http://ipsnews.net/africa/nota.asp?idnews=47123 POVERTY-ANGOLA: Inter Press Service News Agency – NGOs Sceptical of Govt's Rural Development Plans] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100512215958/http://ipsnews.net/africa/nota.asp?idnews=47123|date=12 May 2010}}.</ref>

=== Transport ===
{{Main|Transport in Angola}}
[[File:TAAG_Angola_Airlines_Boeing_737-200Adv_D2-TBD_CDG_July_1986.png|thumb|right|[[TAAG Angola Airlines]] is the country's state-owned [[national carrier]].]]
Transport in Angola consists of:
*Three separate [[Rail transport in Angola|railway systems]] totalling {{convert|2761|km|mi|abbr=on}}
*{{convert|76626|km|0|abbr=on}} of highway of which {{convert|19156|km|0|abbr=on}} is paved
*1,295 navigable inland waterways
*five major [[sea port]]s  
*243 [[List of airports in Angola|airports]], of which 32 are paved.

Angola centers its port trade in five main ports: [[Port of Namibe|Namibe]], [[Port of Lobito|Lobito]], [[Soyo]], [[Cabinda (city)|Cabinda]] and Luanda. The [[port of Luanda]] is the largest of the five, as well as being one of the busiest on the African continent.<ref name="africanbusinesscentral.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.africanbusinesscentral.com/2015/06/20/the-top-eight-busiest-ports-in-africa-photos-and-infographic/|title=The top eight busiest ports in Africa (Photos and Infographic)|website=African Business Central|access-date=4 February 2020|archive-date=4 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200204061717/https://www.africanbusinesscentral.com/2015/06/20/the-top-eight-busiest-ports-in-africa-photos-and-infographic/|url-status=dead}}</ref>[[File:Catumbela River Bridge (19478241049).jpg|thumb|left|[[Catumbela]] Bridge in [[Benguela Province|Benguela]].]]
Two trans-African automobile routes pass through Angola: the [[Tripoli-Cape Town Highway]] and the [[Beira-Lobito Highway]]. Travel on highways outside of towns and cities in Angola (and in some cases within) is{{When|date=February 2022}} often not best advised for those without four-by-four vehicles. While reasonable road infrastructure has existed within Angola, time and war have taken their toll on the road surfaces, leaving many severely potholed, littered with broken asphalt. In many areas drivers have established alternative tracks to avoid the worst parts of the surface, although careful attention must be paid to the presence or absence of landmine warning markers by the side of the road. The [[Angolan government]] has contracted the restoration of many of the country's roads. The road between Lubango and Namibe, for example, was completed recently with funding from the European Union,<ref>ec.europa.eu: [https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/IP_92_314 1992] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526205205/https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/IP_92_314 |date=26 May 2021 }}</ref> and is comparable to many European main routes. Completing the road infrastructure is likely to take some decades, but substantial efforts are already being made.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}

The old airport in Luanda, [[Quatro de Fevereiro Airport]], will be replaced by the new [[Dr. Antonio Agostinho Neto International Airport]].

===Telecommunications===
[[File:Porto do Lobito - Angola 2015 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|[[Lobito]] hosts a major seaport.]]
[[File:Marginal Avenida 4 de Fevreiro Luanda March 2013 13 (cropped).JPG|thumb|right|[[Luanda]]'s construction boom is financed largely by oil and diamonds.]]
The [[telecommunications]] industry is considered one of the main strategic sectors in Angola.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.anip.co.ao/index.php?pag=conteudos&id=6|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130411062215/http://www.anip.co.ao/index.php?pag=conteudos&id=6|url-status=dead |archive-date=11 April 2013 |title=Sectores Económicos Prioritários |trans-title=Priority Economic Sectors |publisher=ANIP|language=pt }}</ref>
{{For|additional|Telephone numbers in Angola}}

In October 2014, the building of an [[optic fiber]] underwater cable was announced.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.portalangop.co.ao/angola/pt_pt/noticias/economia/2014/9/42/Angola-Cables-parceiros-estrangeiros-anunciam-construcao-cabo-submarino,db62f448-710d-4cc5-80c5-fcee32a1a991.html|title=Angola Cables e parceiros estrangeiros anunciam construção de cabo submarino |trans-title=Angola Cables and foreign partners announce construction of submarine cable |date=14 October 2014 |publisher=ANGOP |language=pt|access-date=13 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141125133024/http://www.portalangop.co.ao/angola/pt_pt/noticias/economia/2014/9/42/Angola-Cables-parceiros-estrangeiros-anunciam-construcao-cabo-submarino,db62f448-710d-4cc5-80c5-fcee32a1a991.html|archive-date=25 November 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> This project aims to turn Angola into a continental hub, thus improving Internet connections both nationally and internationally.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://oglobo.globo.com/sociedade/tecnologia/cabo-submarino-que-ligara-brasil-africa-tera-capacidade-de-40-terabits-por-segundo-11456022 |title=Cabo submarino que ligará Brasil à África terá capacidade de 40 terabits por segundo |trans-title=Submarine cable that will connect Brazil to Africa will have a capacity of 40 terabits per second |last=Machado |first= André |date=30 January 2014 |newspaper=O Globo |language=pt |access-date=13 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141012131944/http://oglobo.globo.com/sociedade/tecnologia/cabo-submarino-que-ligara-brasil-africa-tera-capacidade-de-40-terabits-por-segundo-11456022|archive-date=12 October 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 11 March 2015, the First Angolan Forum of Telecommunications and Information Technology was held in [[Luanda]] under the motto "The challenges of telecommunications in the current context of Angola",<ref>{{cite web |url=http://jornaldeangola.sapo.ao/politica/nacao_esta_mais_ligada |title=Nação está mais ligada |trans-title=Nation is more connected |last=Inácio |first= Adelina|date=12 March 2015|publisher=Jornal de Angola|language=pt|access-date=12 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319084816/http://jornaldeangola.sapo.ao/politica/nacao_esta_mais_ligada|archive-date=19 March 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> to promote debate on topical issues on [[telecommunications]] in Angola and worldwide.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.portalangop.co.ao/angola/en_us/noticias/economia/2015/2/11/Angola-has-about-million-mobile-phone-network-users-Minister,2053f698-ce71-4ed2-9910-cd5819ad539d.html|title=Angola has about 14 million mobile phone network users – Minister|date=12 March 2015|publisher=ANGOP|access-date=12 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318223512/http://www.portalangop.co.ao/angola/en_us/noticias/economia/2015/2/11/Angola-has-about-million-mobile-phone-network-users-Minister,2053f698-ce71-4ed2-9910-cd5819ad539d.html|archive-date=18 March 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> A study of this sector, presented at the forum, said Angola had the first telecommunications operator in Africa to test LTE – with speeds up to 400&nbsp;Mbit/s – and mobile penetration of about 75%; there are about 3.5 million [[smartphone]]s in the Angolan market; There are about {{convert|25000|km|mi|abbr=off}} of optical fibre installed in the country.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.platinaline.com/index.php/component/k2/item/14117-angola-com-crescimento-anual-superior-a-55-no-sector-das-tic|title=Angola com crescimento anual superior a 55% no sector das TIC |trans-title=Angola with annual growth of more than 55% in the ICT sector |date=12 March 2015 |publisher=Platina Line|language=pt|access-date=16 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713174008/http://www.platinaline.com/index.php/component/k2/item/14117-angola-com-crescimento-anual-superior-a-55-no-sector-das-tic|archive-date=13 July 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.verangola.net/Artigos/Sector-das-TIC-com-crescimento-anual-superior-a-55-por-cento-na-ultima-decada=005331 |title=Sector das TIC com crescimento anual superior a 55 por cento na última década |trans-title=ICT sector with annual growth of more than 55 percent in the last decade |date=13 March 2015|publisher=Ver Angola|language=pt|access-date=16 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150416132625/http://www.verangola.net/Artigos/Sector-das-TIC-com-crescimento-anual-superior-a-55-por-cento-na-ultima-decada=005331|archive-date=16 April 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

The first Angolan satellite, [[Angosat 1|AngoSat-1]], was launched into orbit on 26 December 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.satbeams.com/satellites?norad=43087|title=Satbeams – World of Satellites at your fingertips|website=Satbeams Web and Mobile|access-date=17 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917071429/https://www.satbeams.com/satellites?norad=43087|archive-date=17 September 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> It was launched from the [[Baikonur Cosmodrome|Baikonur space center]] in Kazakhstan on board a [[Zenit-3F|Zenit 3F]] rocket. The [[satellite]] was built by Russia's [[RSC Energia]], a subsidiary of the state-run space industry player [[Roscosmos]]. The satellite payload was supplied by [[Airbus Defence & Space]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/angosat-1.htm|title=AngoSat 1|website=space.skyrocket.de|access-date=17 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917105400/https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/angosat-1.htm|archive-date=17 September 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Due to an on-board power failure during solar panel deployment, on 27 December, RSC Energia revealed that they lost communications contact with the satellite. Although, subsequent attempts to restore communications with the satellite were successful, the satellite eventually stopped sending data and RSC Energia confirmed that AngoSat-1 was inoperable. The launch of AngoSat-1 was aimed at ensuring telecommunications throughout the country.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.portalangop.co.ao/angola/en_us/noticias/ciencia-e-tecnologia/2014/8/37/Conclusion-works-Angosat-project-set-for-2016,580015f8-0b1f-46b1-b6b1-ebfd1beb5253.html |title=Conclusion works of "Angosat" project set for 2016 |date=8 September 2014|publisher=ANGOP|access-date=11 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141215132435/http://www.portalangop.co.ao/angola/en_us/noticias/ciencia-e-tecnologia/2014/8/37/Conclusion-works-Angosat-project-set-for-2016,580015f8-0b1f-46b1-b6b1-ebfd1beb5253.html|archive-date=15 December 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> According to Aristides Safeca, Secretary of State for Telecommunications, the satellite was aimed at providing telecommunications services, TV, internet and [[e-government]] and was expected to remain in operation "at best" for 18 years.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://observador.pt/2014/11/04/primeiro-satelite-angolano-pronto-para-ser-lancado-em-2016/ |title=Primeiro satélite angolano pronto para ser lançado em 2016 |trans-title=First Angolan satellite ready to be launched in 2016 |author=Agência Lusa|date=4 November 2014|publisher=Observador|language=pt|access-date=11 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129033343/http://observador.pt/2014/11/04/primeiro-satelite-angolano-pronto-para-ser-lancado-em-2016/|archive-date=29 November 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

A replacement satellite named [[AngoSat 2|AngoSat-2]] was pursued and was expected to be in service by 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ggpen.gov.ao/LerMais/?cd=19|title=GGPEN – Leia Mais|website=ggpen.gov.ao|access-date=17 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917071444/http://www.ggpen.gov.ao/LerMais/?cd=19|archive-date=17 September 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> As of February 2021, Ango-Sat-2 was about 60% ready. The officials reported the launch was expected in about 17 months, by July 2022.<ref>[{{cite web|url=https://africanews.space/angosat-2-more-than-60-per-cent-ready/|title=AngoSat-2 More Than 60 per cent Ready; Launch in 17 Months|date=February 2021|access-date=14 April 2021|archive-date=14 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414224322/https://africanews.space/angosat-2-more-than-60-per-cent-ready/|url-status=live}}</ref> The launch of AngoSat-2 occurred on 12 October 2022.<ref name="q752">{{cite web | title=NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive: AngoSat 2 | website=NASA | date=23 June 2024 | url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2022-131A | access-date=23 June 2024 | archive-date=11 July 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240711182402/https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2022-131A | url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Technology ===
The management of the [[top-level domain]] '[[.ao]]' passed from [[Portugal]] to Angola in 2015, following new legislation.<ref>[http://www.telecompaper.com/news/angola-to-manage-own-internet-domain-from-2015--1037238 Angola to manage own internet domain from 2015] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713174011/http://www.telecompaper.com/news/angola-to-manage-own-internet-domain-from-2015--1037238 |date=13 July 2015 }} Telecompaper, 16 September 2014</ref> A joint decree of Minister of Telecommunications and Information Technologies José Carvalho da Rocha and the minister of Science and Technology, Maria Cândida Pereira Teixeira, states that "under the massification" of that Angolan domain, "conditions are created for the transfer of the domain root '.ao' of Portugal to Angola".<ref>[http://www.macauhub.com.mo/en/2014/09/16/angola-manages-its-own-internet-domain/ Angola manages its own Internet domain] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223160657/http://www.macauhub.com.mo/en/2014/09/16/angola-manages-its-own-internet-domain/ |date=23 December 2014 }} Macauhub, 16 September 2014</ref>