Editing Ancient philosophy (section)

==Ancient Indian philosophy<!--'Ancient Indian philosophy' redirects here-->==
{{main article|Indian philosophy}}

The '''ancient Indian philosophy'''<!--boldface per WP:R#PLA--> is a fusion of two ancient traditions: the Vedic tradition and the [[śramaṇa]] tradition.

===Vedic philosophy===
Indian philosophy begins with the ''[[Vedas]]'' wherein questions pertaining to laws of nature, the origin of the universe, and the place of man in it are asked. In the famous [[Rigvedic]] ''[[Hymn of Creation]]'' ([[Nasadiya Sukta]]) the poet asks:
: "Whence all creation had its origin,
: he, whether he fashioned it or whether he did not,
: he, who surveys it all from highest heaven,
: he knows—or maybe even he does not know."

In the [[Historical Vedic religion|Vedic]] view, creation is ascribed to the self-consciousness of the primeval being (''Purusha''). This leads to the inquiry into ''the one being'' that underlies the diversity of empirical phenomena and the origin of all things. Cosmic order is termed ''rta'' and causal law by ''karma''. Nature (''prakriti'') is taken to have three qualities (''[[sattva]]'', ''[[rajas]]'', and ''[[tamas (philosophy)|tamas]]'').
* [[Vedas]]
* [[Upanishads]]
* [[Hindu philosophy]]

===Sramana philosophy===
{{main article|Jain philosophy|Buddhist philosophy|Sramana}}
[[Jainism]] and [[Buddhism]] are a continuation of the Sramana school of thought. The Sramanas cultivated a pessimistic worldview of the samsara as full of suffering and advocated renunciation and austerities. They laid stress on philosophical concepts like Ahimsa, Karma, Jnana, Samsara and Moksa. [[Cārvāka]] (Sanskrit: चार्वाक) (atheist) philosophy, also known as Lokāyata, it is a system of Hindu philosophy that assumes various forms of philosophical skepticism and religious indifference. It is named after its founder, Cārvāka, author of the Bārhaspatya-sūtras.

===Classical Indian philosophy===
In classical times, these inquiries were systematized in six schools of philosophy. Some of the questions asked were:
* What is the ontological nature of consciousness?
* How is cognition itself experienced?
* Is mind (''chit'') intentional or not?
* Does cognition have its own structure?

The six schools of [[Indian philosophy]] are:
* [[Nyaya]]
* [[Vaisheshika]]
* [[Samkhya]]
* [[Rāja yoga|Yoga]]
* [[Mimamsa]] (Purva Mimamsa)
* [[Vedanta]] (Uttara Mimamsa)

===Ancient Indian philosophers===
{{main article|Timeline of Eastern philosophers#Indian philosophers}}

====1st millennium BCE====
* [[Parashara]] – writer of ''[[Vishnu Purana|Viṣṇu Purāṇa]]''.

====Philosophers of Vedic Age (c. 1500 – c. 600 BCE)====
* Rishi Narayana – seer of the Purusha Sukta of the [[Rig Veda]].<ref>The significance of Purusha Sukta in [http://www.swami-krishnananda.org/invoc/in_pur.html Daily Invocations] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091003074642/http://swami-krishnananda.org/invoc/in_pur.html |date=3 October 2009 }} by Swami Krishnananda</ref>
* [[Saptarishi|Seven Rishis]] – Atri, Bharadwaja, Gautama, Jamadagni, Kasyapa, Vasishtha, Viswamitra.<ref>P. 285 ''Indian sociology through Ghurye, a dictionary'' By S. Devadas Pillai</ref>
* [[Rishi|Other Vedic Rishis]] – Gritsamada, Sandilya, Kanva etc.
* [[Rishabha (hindu sage)|Rishaba]] – [[Rishi]] mentioned in [[Rig Veda]] and later in several Puranas, and believed by Jains to be the first official religious [[guru]] of [[Jainism]], as accredited by later followers.
* [[Yajnavalkya]] – one of the [[Vedic]] sages, greatly influenced [[Buddhism|Buddhistic]] thought.
*[[Lopamudra]] 
*[[Gargi Vachaknavi]]
*[[Maitreyi]]
*[[Parshvanatha]]
*[[Ghosha]]
* [[Angiras]] – one of the seers of the [[Atharva Veda]] and author of [[Mundaka Upanishad]].
* [[Uddalaka Aruni]] – an Upanishadic sage who authored major portions of [[Chāndogya Upaniṣad]].
* Ashvapati – a King in the [[Mahajanapada|Later Vedic age]] who authored Vaishvanara Vidya of [[Chāndogya Upaniṣad]].
* [[Ashtavakra]] – an Upanishadic Sage mentioned in the [[Mahabharata]], who authored [[Ashtavakra Gita]].

====Philosophers of Axial Age (600–185 BCE)====
* Gotama ({{circa|600 BCE}}), logician, author of [[Nyaya Sutra]]
* [[Kanada (philosopher)|Kanada]] ({{circa|600 BCE}}), founded the philosophical school of [[Vaisheshika]], gave theory of [[atomism]]
* [[Mahavira]] (599&ndash;527 BCE) – heavily influenced [[Jainism]], the 24th [[Tirthankara]] of [[Jainism]].
*[[Purana Kassapa]]
*[[Ajita Kesakambali]]
*[[Payasi]]
*[[Makkhali Gosala|''Makkhali Gośāla'']]
*[[Sanjaya Belatthiputta|''Sañjaya Belaṭṭhiputta'']]
*[[Mahavira]]
*[[Dandamis]]
*[[Nagasena]]
*[[Lakulisha]]
[[File:Sermon in the Deer Park depicted at Wat Chedi Liem-KayEss-1.jpeg|150px|thumb|right|Buddha.]]

* [[Pakudha Kaccayana]]
* [[Pāṇini]] (520–460 BCE), grammarian, author of [[Ashtadhyayi]]
* [[Kapila]] ({{circa|500 BCE}}), proponent of the [[Samkhya]] system of philosophy.
* [[Badarayana]] (lived between 500 BCE and 400 BCE) – Author of [[Brahma Sutras]].
* [[Jaimini]] ({{circa|400 BCE}}), author of [[Purva Mimamsa Sutras]].
* [[Pingala]] ({{circa|500 BCE}}), author of the ''[[Chandas shastra]]''
* [[Gautama Buddha]] ({{circa|480}} – {{circa|400 BCE}}), founder of [[Buddhist]] school of thought
*[[Śāriputra]]
* [[Chanakya]] ({{circa|350}} – {{circa|275 BCE}}), author of [[Arthashastra]], professor ([[acharya]]) of political science at the [[Takshashila University]]
* [[Patañjali]] ({{circa|200 BCE}}), developed the philosophy of [[Raja Yoga]] in his [[Yoga Sutra]]s.
* [[Shvetashvatara Upanishad|Shvetashvatara]] – Author of earliest textual exposition of a systematic philosophy of [[Shaivism]].

====Philosophers of Golden Age (184 BCE – 600 CE)====
*[[Aśvaghoṣa]], believed to have been the first Sanskrit dramatist, and is considered the greatest Indian poet before [[Kālidāsa]]
*[[Vātsyāyana|Vatsyana]], known for "[[Kama Sutra]]"
*[[Samantabhadra (Jain monk)|Samantabhadra]], a proponent of the Jaina doctrine of Anekantavada
*[[Isvarakrsna]]
*[[Aryadeva]], a student of Nagarjuna and contributed significantly to the Madhyamaka
*[[Dharmakirti]]
*[[Haribhadra]]
*[[Pujyapada]]
*[[Buddhaghosa]]
*[[Kamandaka]]
*[[Vaisesika Sutra|Maticandra]]
*[[Prashastapada]]
*[[Bhāviveka]]
*[[Dharmapala of Nalanda|Dharmapala]]
*[[Udyotakara]]
*[[Gaudapada]]
* [[Valluvar]] ({{circa|5th century CE}}), wrote the [[Kural text]], a Tamil-language treatise on [[morality]] and [[secular ethics]]
* [[Dignāga]] ({{circa|500}}), one of the founders of Buddhist school of [[Indian logic]]
* [[Asanga]] ({{circa|300}}), exponent of the [[Yogacara]]
* [[Bhartrihari]] ({{circa|450}}–510 CE), early figure in Indic linguistic theory
* [[Bodhidharma]] ({{circa|440}}–528 CE), founder of the [[Zen]] school of [[Buddhism]]
* [[Siddhasenadivākarasuri]] (5th century CE), Jain logician and author of important works in Sanskrit and Prakrit, such as Nyāyāvatāra (on logic) and Sanmatisūtra (dealing with the seven Jaina standpoints, knowledge and the objects of knowledge)
* [[Vasubandhu]] ({{circa|300 CE}}), one of the main founders of the Indian [[Yogacara]] school
* [[Kundakunda]] (2nd century CE), exponent of Jain mysticism and [[Anekantavada#Nayavāda|Jain nayas]] dealing with the nature of the soul and its contamination by matter, author of [[Pañcāstikāyasāra]] (Essence of the Five Existents), the [[Pravacanasāra]] (Essence of the Scripture) and the [[Samayasāra]] (Essence of the Doctrine)
* [[Nagarjuna]] ({{circa|150}} – 250 CE), the founder of the [[Madhyamaka]] (Middle Path) school of [[Mahāyāna Buddhism]]
* [[Umāsvāti]] or Umasvami (2nd century CE), author of first Jain work in Sanskrit, [[Tattvārthasūtra]], expounding the [[Jain philosophy]] in a most systematized form acceptable to all sects of Jainism
* [[Adi Shankara]] – philosopher and theologian, most renowned exponent of the [[Advaita Vedanta]] school of philosophy