Editing Algerian War (section)

== Death toll ==
[[File:Ex voto mg 6329.jpg|thumb|Ex-voto in [[Notre-Dame de la Garde]] thanking for the safe return of a son from Algeria, August 1958]]
Death toll estimates vary. Algerian historians and the FLN estimated that nearly eight years of revolution caused 1.5&nbsp;million Algerian deaths.<ref name="France NICOLAS SARKOZY"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/europe/france-returns-algerian-remains-as-nations-mend-ways/1904563|title=France returns Algerian remains as nations mend ways|website=www.aa.com.tr|access-date=23 November 2020|archive-date=1 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201130134/https://www.aa.com.tr/en/europe/france-returns-algerian-remains-as-nations-mend-ways/1904563|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=France admits torture during Algeria's war of independence|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/9/13/france-admits-torture-during-algerias-war-of-independence|access-date=2020-11-23|website=www.aljazeera.com|language=en|archive-date=1 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201121745/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/9/13/france-admits-torture-during-algerias-war-of-independence|url-status=live}}</ref> Some other French and Algerian sources later put the figure at approximately 960,000 dead, while French officials and historians estimated it at around 350,000,<ref name="Pervillé">Guy Pervillé, ''La Guerre d'Algérie'', PUF, 2007, {{p.|115}}.</ref><ref>Voir [http://guy.perville.free.fr/spip/article.php3?id_article=74 « Mémoire et histoire de la guerre d'Algérie, de part et d'autre de la Méditerranée »] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422064118/http://guy.perville.free.fr/spip/article.php3?id_article=74 |date=22 April 2022 }}, Guy Pervillé, page 157-68 in ''Confluences Méditerranée'' (No.&nbsp;19), automne 1996.</ref> but this was regarded by many{{Who|date=May 2022}} as an underestimate. French military authorities listed their losses at nearly 17,456 dead (5,966 from accidents) and 65,000 wounded. European-descended civilian casualties exceeded 10,000 (including 3,000 dead) in 42,000 recorded violent incidents. According to French official figures during the war, the army, security forces and militias killed 141,000 presumed rebel combatants.<ref name=Horne/>{{rp|538}} But it is still unclear whether this includes some civilians.

More than 12,000 Algerians died in internal FLN purges during the war. In France, an additional 5,000 died in the "café wars" between the FLN and rival Algerian groups. French sources also estimated that 70,000 Muslim civilians were killed, or abducted and presumed killed, by the FLN.<ref name=Horne/>{{rp|538}}

[[Martin Evans]] citing Gilert Meyinier implies at least 55,000 to up to 60,000 non-Harki Algerian civilians were killed during the conflict without specifying which side killed them.<ref name=civilians>From {{cite web|title=Algeria: War of independence|url=https://sites.tufts.edu/atrocityendings/2015/08/07/algeria-war-of-independence/#Fatalities|website=Mass Atrocity Endings|access-date=6 July 2017|archive-date=14 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514194611/https://sites.tufts.edu/atrocityendings/2015/08/07/algeria-war-of-independence/#Fatalities|url-status=live}}:
<blockquote>He also argues that the least controversial of all the numbers put forward by various groups are those concerning the French soldiers, where government numbers are largely accepted as sound. Most controversial are the numbers of civilians killed. On this subject, he turns to the work of Meynier, who, citing French army documents (not the official number) posits the range of 55,000–60,000 deaths. Meynier further argues that the best number to capture the harkis deaths is 30,000. If we add to this, the number of European civilians, which government figures posit as 2,788.</blockquote>

Meynier's work cited was: {{cite journal |last1=Meynier |first1=Gilbert |title=Histoire intérieure du FLN. 1954–1962 |journal=Revue d'Histoire Moderne & Contemporaine |date=15 May 2024 |volume=50-4 |issue=4 |pages=205–206 |doi=10.3917/rhmc.504.0205 |url=https://www.cairn.info/revue-d-histoire-moderne-et-contemporaine-2003-4-page-205.htm |access-date=6 July 2017 |archive-date=13 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160813025419/https://www.cairn.info/revue-d-histoire-moderne-et-contemporaine-2003-4-page-205.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Rudolph Rummel]] attributes at least 100,000<ref name=democide/> deaths in what he calls [[democide]] to French repression; and estimates an additional to 50,000 to 150,000 democides committed by Algerian independence fighters.<ref name="democide2">{{cite web |last1=Rummel |first1=Rudolph J. |title=STATISTICS OF DEMOCIDE Chapter 14 THE HORDE OF CENTI-KILO MURDERERS Estimates, Calculations, And Sources |url=https://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.TAB14.1B.GIF |website=Table 14.1 B; row 694 |ref=democide |access-date=13 November 2019 |archive-date=17 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210217203225/https://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.TAB14.1B.GIF |url-status=live }}</ref> 6,000 to 20,000 Algerians were killed<ref name="setif"/> in the 1945 [[Sétif and Guelma massacre]] which is considered by some historians to have been a cause of the war.<ref>{{cite book |last=Morgan |first=Ted |author-link=Ted Morgan (writer) |title=My Battle of Algiers |page=[https://archive.org/details/mybattleofalgier00morg/page/17 17] |isbn=978-0-06-085224-5 |date=2006-01-31 |publisher=HarperCollins |url=https://archive.org/details/mybattleofalgier00morg/page/17 }}</ref>

Horne estimated Algerian casualties during the span of eight years to be around 1 million.<ref name="Alistair Horne">{{cite book|author=Alistair Horne|title=A Savage War of Peace Algeria 1954-1962|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f4-UHiZTlpMC&pg=PA|year=2012|publisher=Pan Macmillan |isbn=978-1-4472-3343-5|quote=It was undeniably and horribly savage, bringing death to an estimated one million Muslim Algerians and the expulsion from their homes of approximately the same number of European settlers.}}</ref><ref name="David P. Forsythe">{{cite book|author=David P. Forsythe|title=Encyclopedia of Human Rights |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1QbX90fmCVUC&pg=PA37|year=2009|publisher=OUP USA |isbn=978-0-19-533402-9|page=37|quote=Alistair Horne estimates one million Algerians and twenty thousand French were casualties of the war.}}</ref> Uncounted thousands of Muslim civilians died in French Army ratissages, bombing raids, or vigilante reprisals. The war uprooted more than 2&nbsp;million Algerians, who were forced to relocate in French camps or to flee into the Algerian hinterland, where many thousands died of starvation, disease, and exposure. One source estimates 300,000 Algerians civilians perished of starvation, depredation, and disease inside and outside the camps.<ref name="clayton">{{cite book |last1=Clayton |first1=Anthony |title=Frontiersmen: Warfare In Africa Since 1950 |date=2001 |pages=34}}</ref>

In addition, large numbers of Harkis were murdered when the FLN settled accounts after independence,<ref name=Windrow/>{{rp|13}} with 30,000 to 150,000 killed in Algeria in {{Ill|Harki massacres|lt=post-war reprisals|fr|Massacres de harkis}}.<ref name=Horne/>{{rp|538}}