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==Main occurrences== During the [[1920 Nebi Musa riots]], the 1921 [[Jaffa riots]] and the [[1929 Palestine riots]], Palestinian Arabs manifested hostility against Zionist immigration, which provoked the reaction of Jewish militias.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.ameu.org/getattachment/65e15600-d2b0-472e-923e-be4ed7ed1514/Zionist-Violence-Against-Palestinians.aspx |title=Zionist violence against Palestinians |journal=The Link |volume=21 |issue=3 |date=September 1998 |first=Muhammad |last=Hallaj |publisher=[[Americans for Middle East Understanding]] |archive-date=2024-06-16 |access-date=2015-10-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240616174637/http://www.ameu.org/getattachment/65e15600-d2b0-472e-923e-be4ed7ed1514/Zionist-Violence-Against-Palestinians.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 1935, the [[Irgun]], a Zionist underground military organization, split off from the [[Haganah]].<ref name=Welty>{{Cite book |title=Palestinian Nationalism and the Struggle for National Self-Determination |last=Welty |first=Gordon |author-link=Gordon Welty |year=1995 |publisher=Temple University |location=Philadelphia |isbn=978-1-56639-342-3 |page=21}}</ref> The Irgun were the armed expression of the nascent ideology of [[Revisionist Zionism]] founded by [[Ze'ev Jabotinsky]]. He expressed this [[ideology]] as ''"every Jew had the right to enter Palestine; only active retaliation would deter the Arab and the British; only Jewish armed force would ensure the Jewish state"''.<ref>[[Howard Sachar]]: ''A History of the State of Israel'', pp. 265–266</ref> During the [[1936–39 Arab revolt in Palestine]], Palestinian Arabs fought for the end of the [[Mandatory Palestine|Mandate]] and the creation of an Arab state based on the whole of Palestine.<ref>Mazin B. Qumsiyeh, Popular Resistance in Palestine: A History of Hope and Empowerment (New York, 2011), p. 85.</ref> They attacked both British and Jews as well as some Palestinian Arabs who supported a [[Pan-Arabism]]. Mainstream Zionists, represented by the [[Vaad Leumi]] and the Haganah, practiced the policy of [[Havlagah]] (restraint); Irgun militants did not follow this policy and called themselves "Havlagah breakers."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Tucker |first1=Spencer C. |last2=Roberts |first2=Priscilla |title=The Encyclopedia of the Arab-Israeli Conflict |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2008 |page=433 |isbn=978-1-85109-841-5}}</ref> The Irgun began bombing Palestinian Arab civilian targets in 1938.<ref name=Welty/> While the Palestinian Arabs were "carefully disarmed" by the British Mandatory authorities by 1939, the Zionists were not.<ref name=Welty/> As a conciliation to the Arabs, the [[White Paper of 1939]] was passed, imposing significant limits in Jewish immigration in the shadow of [[World War II]]. After the [[United Kingdom declaration of war on Germany (1939)|British Declaration of War]] in September 1939, the head of the [[Jewish Agency for Israel|Jewish Agency for Palestine]] [[David Ben-Gurion]] declared: 'We will fight the White Paper as if there is no war, and fight the war as if there is no White Paper.';<ref>[[Jewish Brigade|The Brigade]] by Howard Blum, p. 5.</ref> the Haganah and Irgun subsequently suspended their activity against the British in support of their war against [[Nazi Germany]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/stern.html |title=Avraham Stern |access-date=2007-11-19 }}</ref> However, the smaller [[Lehi (group)|Lehi]] continued anti-British attacks and [[direct action (military)|direct action]] throughout the war. At that time, the British also supported the creation and the training of [[Palmach]], as a unit that could withstand a German offensive in the area, with the consent of the [[Yishuv]] which saw an opportunity to get trained units and soldiers for the planned Jewish state<ref>{{cite book |last=Gal|first=Reuven |title=A Portrait of the Israeli Soldier |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |year=1986 |page=6 |isbn=978-0-313-24315-8}}</ref> and during 1944–1945, the most mainstream Jewish paramilitary organization, Haganah, cooperated with the British authorities against the Lehi and Etzel.<ref name="galor">Gal-or, Noemi. Tolerating Terrorism in the West: An International Survey. Routledge, 2004. p. 74</ref> After World War II, between 1945 and the [[United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine|29 November 1947 Partition vote]], British soldiers and [[Palestine Police Force|policemen]] were [[Jewish insurgency in Palestine|targeted by Irgun and Lehi]]. The Haganah and Palmach at first collaborated with the British against them, particularly during [[the Hunting Season]], before actively joining them in the [[Jewish Resistance Movement]], then finally choosing an official neutral position after 1946 while the Irgun and the Lehi continued their attacks against the British.<ref>Horne, Edward (1982). A Job Well Done (Being a History of The Palestine Police Force 1920–1948). The Anchor Press. {{ISBN|978-0-9508367-0-6}}. pp. 272, 299. States that Haganah withdrew on 1 July 1946. But remained permanently uncooperative.</ref> The Haganah, Irgun and Lehi also executed dozens of Jews for alleged treason or collaboration with Britain or Arabs, often after irregular [[drumhead courts-martial]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bram |first1=Shir Aharon |title=When the Irgun Decided to Be Judge, Jury and Executioner |url=https://blog.nli.org.il/en/hoi_underground_executions/ |website=The Librarians |date=11 January 2023 |publisher=The National Library of Israel |access-date=12 January 2023}}</ref> The Haganah also carried out violent attacks in Palestine, such as the liberation of interned immigrants from the [[Atlit detainee camp]], the bombing of the country's railroad network, sabotage raids on radar installations and bases of the British Palestine police. It continued to organize [[Aliyah bet|illegal immigration]] throughout the entire war.<ref name="jewishvirtuallibrary">{{cite web|url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Immigration/atlit.html |title=Atlit Immigration Camp | Jewish Virtual Library |publisher=jewishvirtuallibrary.org|access-date=2015-06-13}}</ref> In February 1947, the British announced that they would end the mandate and withdraw from Palestine and they asked for the arbitration of the [[United Nations]]. After the vote of the Partition Plan for Palestine on 30 November 1947, [[1947–48 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine|civil war broke out in Palestine]]. Jewish and Arab communities fought each other violently in campaigns of attacks, retaliations, and counter-retaliations which provoked around 800 deaths after two months. Arab volunteers entered Palestine to fight alongside the Palestinian Arabs. In April, 6 weeks before the termination of the Mandate, the Jewish militias launched wide operations to control the territory dedicated to them by the Partition Plan.<ref>{{cite book |last=Morris |first=Benny |title=Histoire revisitée du conflit arabo-sioniste |publisher=Editions complexe |year=2003 |pages=16–17 |isbn=978-2-87027-938-0}}</ref> [[Killings and massacres during the 1948 Palestine War|Many atrocities occurred]] during this time. The Arab population in the [[mixed cities]] of [[Tiberias]], [[Safed]], [[Haifa]] and [[Jaffa]], as well as [[Beisan]] and [[Acre, Israel|Acre]] and in the neighbouring villages, fled or were expelled during this period. During the [[Battle for Jerusalem (1948)]] where the Jewish community of 100,000 people was besieged, most Arab villages of the [[Tel Aviv]] – Jerusalem corridor were captured by Jewish militias and leveled.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lapierre |first1=Dominique |last2=Collins |first2=Larry |title=O Jérusalem |publisher=Simon & Schuster |year=1971 |pages=131–153 |isbn=978-2-266-10698-6}}</ref> At the beginning of the civil war, the Jewish militias organized several bombing attacks against civilians and military Arab targets. On 12 December, Irgun placed a car bomb opposite the Damascus Gate, killing 20 people.<ref name="Karsh 2002, p.32">Karsh (2002), p. 32</ref> On 4 January 1948, the Lehi detonated a lorry bomb against the headquarters of the paramilitary [[Najjada]] located in [[Jaffa]]'s Town Hall, killing 15 Arabs and injuring 80.<ref name="Karsh 2002, p.32"/><ref>[[Yoav Gelber]], 'Palestine 1948', p. 20; The Scotsman newspaper, 6th January 1948; Walid Khalidi states that 25 civilians were killed, in addition to the military targets. 'Before Their Diaspora', 1984. p. 316, picture p. 325; Benny Morris, 'The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem, 1947–1949', Cambridge University Press, p. 46.</ref> During the night between 5 and 6 January, the Haganah bombed the [[Semiramis Hotel bombing|Semiramis Hotel]] in Jerusalem that had been reported to hide Arab militiamen, killing 24 people.<ref>Benny Morris, ''The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited'', p. 123.</ref> The next day, Irgun members in a stolen police van rolled a [[Barrel bomb (Palestine and Israel)|barrel bomb]]<ref>Larry Collins/Dominique Lapierre, 'O Jerusalem'. History Book Club/ Weidenfeld and Nicolson. London. 1972. p. 135: 'two fifty-gallon oil drums packed tight with old nails, bits of scrap iron, hinges, rusty metal filings. At their center was a core of TNT...'</ref> into a large group of civilians who were waiting for a bus by the [[Jaffa Gate]], killing around 16.<ref>Collins/Lapierre. p. 138: 17 killed</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The faithful city: the siege of Jerusalem, 1948|first=Dov|last=Joseph|author-link=Dov Yosef|publisher=Simon and Schuster|year=1960|lccn=60-10976|oclc=266413|url=https://archive.org/details/thefaithfulcity0000unse/page/56/mode/2up|url-access=registration|page=56|quote=It killed fourteen Arabs and wounded forty others.}}</ref><ref>[[The Scotsman]], 8 January 1948: 16 killed, 41 injured.</ref> Another Irgun bomb went off in the Ramla market on February 18, killing 7 residents and injuring 45.<ref>Embassy of Israel, London, website. 2002. Quoting Zeev Vilnai – 'Ramla past and present'.</ref> On 28 February, the Palmah organised a bombing attack against a garage in Haifa, killing 30 people.<ref>[[Benny Morris]], ''The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem revisited'', p. 221.</ref> In 1995, [[Yitzhak Rabin]] was the Prime Minister of Israel who was [[Assassination of Yitzhak Rabin|assassinated]] by [[Yigal Amir]] after a peace rally. Amir had been opposed to Rabin's peace initiative, which included signing the [[Oslo Accords]] and withdrawing from the West Bank. He believed that Rabin was a [[rodef]], meaning a "pursuer" who endangered Jewish lives, and that he was justified in removing Rabin as a threat to Jews in the territories according to the concept of din rodef ("law of the pursuer"), which is a part of traditional [[Halakha|Jewish law]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Eisen |first=Robert |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zhpNQWj4YMcC&dq=rodef+yigal+amir&pg=PA158 |title=The Peace and Violence of Judaism: From the Bible to Modern Zionism |date=2011 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-979294-8 |language=en}}</ref>
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