Editing Zebu (section)

==Origin==
Zebu cattle were found to derive from the [[Indian aurochs|Indian form]] of [[Aurochs#Taxonomy and evolution|aurochs]] and one of the key centers of the Indian Subcontinent been [[domesticate]]d between 7,000 and 6,000 [[YBP]] at [[Mehrgarh]], present-day [[Pakistan]], by people linked to or coming from [[Mesopotamia]], including with South India and Gujarat from Western-India being the additional centers for domestication.<ref name="Vuure">{{cite book |author=Van Vuure, C. |year=2005 |title=Retracing the Aurochs: History, Morphology and Ecology of an Extinct Wild Ox |publisher=Pensoft Publishers |location=Sofia |isbn=978-954-642-235-4}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bradley |first1=D. G. |last2=MacHugh |first2=D. E. |last3=Cunningham |first3=P. |last4=Loftus |first4=R. T. |date=1996 |title=Mitochondrial diversity and the origins of African and European cattle |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=93 |issue=10 |pages=5131–5135 |doi=10.1073/pnas.93.10.5131 |pmid=8643540 |pmc=39419 |bibcode=1996PNAS...93.5131B |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Pérez-Pardal |first1=L. |last2=Sánchez-Gracia |first2=A. |last3=Álvarez |first3=I. |last4=Traoré |first4=A. |last5=Ferraz |first5=J. B. S. |last6=Fernández |first6=I. |last7=Costa |first7=V. |last8=Chen |first8=S. |last9=Tapio |first9=M. |last10=Cantet |first10=R. J. C. |last11=Patel |first11=A. |last12=Meadow |first12=R. H. |last13=Marshall |first13=F. B. |last14=Beja-Pereira |first14=A. |last15=Goyache |first15=F. |date=2018 |title=Legacies of domestication, trade and herder mobility shape extant male zebu cattle diversity in South Asia and Africa |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=8 |issue=1 |page=18027 |doi=10.1038/s41598-018-36444-7 |pmid=30575786 |pmc=6303292 |bibcode=2018NatSR...818027P}}</ref><ref name=Gangal_14>{{cite journal |last1=Gangal |first1=K. |last2=Sarson |first2=G. R. |last3=Shukurov |first3=A. |title=The Near-Eastern Roots of the Neolithic in South Asia |journal=PLOS ONE |date=2014 |volume=9 |issue=5 |pages=e95714 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0095714 |pmid=24806472 |pmc=4012948 |bibcode=2014PLoSO...995714G |doi-access=free}}</ref>

Its wild ancestor, the Indian aurochs, [[Holocene extinction#Historic extinction|became extinct]] during the [[Indus Valley civilisation]] likely due to habitat loss, caused by expanding pastoralism and interbreeding with domestic zebu.<ref name=Chen10/><ref name=IWH2>{{cite book |author=Rangarajan, M. |year=2001 |title=India's Wildlife History |page=4 |location=[[Delhi]], India |publisher=Permanent Black |isbn=978-81-7824-140-1}}</ref> Its latest remains ever found were dated to 3,800 YBP, making it the first of the three [[Aurochs#Taxonomy and evolution|aurochs subspecies]] to die out.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Turvey |first1=S. T. |last2=Sathe |first2=V. |last3=Crees |first3=J. J. |last4=Jukar |first4=A. M. |last5=Chakraborty |first5=P. |last6=Lister |first6=A. M. |title=Late Quaternary megafaunal extinctions in India: How much do we know? |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews |date=2021 |volume=252 |pages=106740 |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2020.106740 |bibcode=2021QSRv..25206740T |s2cid=234265221 |url=https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10116065/12/Turvey_India_megafauna_paper_highlights.pdf }}</ref><ref name="Chen et al., 2010">{{cite journal |last1=Chen |first1=S. |last2=Lin |first2=B.-Z. |last3=Baig |first3=M. |last4=Mitra |first4=B. |last5=Lopes |first5=R. J. |last6=Santos |first6=A. M. |last7=Magee |first7=D. A. |last8=Azevedo |first8=M. |last9=Tarroso |first9=P. |last10=Sasazaki |first10=S. |last11=Ostrowski |first11=S. |last12=Mahgoub |first12=O. |last13=Chaudhuri |first13=T. K. |last14=Zhang |first14=Y.-p. |last15=Costa |first15=V. |last16=Royo |first16=L. J. |last17=Goyache |first17=F. |last18=Luikart |first18=G. |last19=Boivin |first19=N. |last20=Fuller |first20=D. Q. |last21=Mannen |first21=H. |last22=Bradley |first22=D. G. |last23=Beja-Pereira |first23=A. |title=Zebu Cattle Are an Exclusive Legacy of the South Asia Neolithic |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |date=January 2010 |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=1–6 |doi=10.1093/molbev/msp213 |pmid=19770222 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
[[File:Clevelandart 1973.160.jpg|thumb|Bull in Seal of Indus valley civilization]]
[[File:GODL Rampurva bull in profile.jpg|thumb|A [[Pillars of Ashoka|Pillar of Ashoka]], dating to the 3rd century BCE, depicting a zebu]]
[[File:Coin of Azes II LACMA M.84.110.8 (2 of 2).jpg|thumb|Zebu pictured on a coin of the [[Indo-Scythian]] king [[Azes II]], late first century BCE]]

Archaeological evidence including depictions on pottery and rocks suggests that humped cattle likely imported from the [[Ancient Near East|Near East]] was present in [[Middle Kingdom of Egypt|Egypt]] around 4,000 [[Before Present|YBP]]. Its first appearance in the [[Subsahara]] is dated to after 700 AD and it was introduced to the [[Horn of Africa]] around 1000.<ref>{{Cite journal |jstor=2743556 |title=Rethinking the Role of ''Bos indicus'' in Sub-Sahara Africa |last=Marshall, F. |date=1989 |journal=[[Current Anthropology]] |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=235–240 |doi=10.1086/203737 |s2cid=143063029}}</ref>

Phylogenetic analysis revealed that all the zebu [[Y chromosome]] [[haplotype]] groups are found in three different lineages: Y3A, the most predominant and cosmopolitan lineage; Y3B, only observed in West Africa; and Y3C, predominant in south and northeast India.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pérez-Pardal |first1=Lucía |last2=Sánchez-Gracia |first2=Alejandro |last3=Álvarez |first3=Isabel |last4=Traoré |first4=Amadou |last5=Ferraz |first5=J. Bento S. |last6=Fernández |first6=Iván |last7=Costa |first7=Vânia |last8=Chen |first8=Shanyuan |last9=Tapio |first9=Miika |last10=Cantet |first10=Rodolfo J. C. |last11=Patel |first11=Ajita |last12=Meadow |first12=Richard H. |last13=Marshall |first13=Fiona B. |last14=Beja-Pereira |first14=Albano |last15=Goyache |first15=Félix |title=Legacies of domestication, trade and herder mobility shape extant male zebu cattle diversity in South Asia and Africa |journal=Scientific Reports |date=21 December 2018 |volume=8 |issue=1 |page=18027 |doi=10.1038/s41598-018-36444-7 |pmid=30575786 |pmc=6303292 |bibcode=2018NatSR...818027P }}</ref>