Editing Zaragoza (section)

==History==
{{see also|Timeline of Zaragoza}}

The [[Sedetani]], a tribe of [[ancient Iberians]], populated a village called {{ill|Salduie|es}} ({{Lang|la|Salduba}} in Roman sources).

===Roman Caesaraugusta===
{{Main|Caesaraugusta}}
[[File:Mapa Caesaraugusta.svg|thumb|upright=0.8|Roman Caesaraugusta 1.- Decumano; 2.- Cardo; 3.- Forum; 4.- Port; 5.- Thermal baths; 6.- Theatre; 7.- Walls]]

[[Augustus]] founded the city as ''[[Caesaraugusta]]'' between 25 BC and 11 BC<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pleiades.stoa.org/places/246344 |title=Places: 246344 (Col. Caesaraugusta) |author1=Sivan, H. |author2=S. Keay |author3=R. Mathisen |author4=DARMC, R. |author5=Talbert, S. |author6=Gillies, J. |author7=Åhlfeldt |author8=J. Becker |author9=T. Elliott |access-date=23 December 2014 |publisher=Pleiades |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141224023056/http://pleiades.stoa.org/places/246344 |archive-date=24 December 2014 }}</ref> as a [[Colonia (Roman)|colony]] to settle army veterans from the [[Cantabrian wars]]. As a Roman city, it had all the typical public buildings: [[forum (Roman)|forum]], [[Thermae|baths]], [[Roman theatre (structure)|theatre]], and was an important economic centre. Many Roman ruins can still be seen in Zaragoza today.

It is thought it might have been the [[James the Great|Apostle James]] who had built a chapel on the site of the [[Cathedral-Basilica of Our Lady of the Pillar]].

On the spot where [[Engratia|Saint Engratia]] and her companions were said to have been martyred on [[Valerian (emperor)|Valerian's]]<ref>It is nowadays thought likely that she died during the earlier persecution. It was previously assumed that she had been killed during the [[Diocletian persecution]] in around 303 under the prefect [[Dacian (prefect)|Dacian]].</ref> orders was the [[Church of Santa Engracia de Zaragoza]]. Only the crypt and the doorway survived the [[Peninsular War]]. Around the early 20th century it was rebuilt, and is now a functioning parish church.

=== Middle Ages ===
[[File:Mapa Saraqusta.svg|thumb|upright=0.8|Map of Zaragoza (''Saraqusta'') during the Muslim rule, superimposed on the current city (light grey)]]

Despite the general decline of the last centuries of the Roman empire, Zaragoza suffered little. Capture by the [[Goths]] in the fifth century AD was without significant bloodshed or destruction.<ref name=":0" />

In the eighth century, following the [[Umayyad conquest of Hispania|Umayyad conquest of the Iberian Peninsula]], Zaragoza became the capital of the [[Upper March]] of [[al-Andalus]].{{Sfn|Corral Lafuente|2008|p=199}}

In 1018, amid the collapse of the [[Caliphate of Córdoba]], Zaragoza became an independent [[Taifa of Zaragoza]], initially controlled by the [[Banu Tujib|Tujibid]] family,<ref name=atlas /> then ruled by the [[Banu Hud]] from 1039.<ref name=atlas>{{Cite web|url=https://ifc.dpz.es/webs/atlash/indice_epocas/islamica/27.htm|work=Atlas de historia de Aragón|publisher=Institución Fernando el Católico|title=Los reinos de Taifas en la Marca Superior (Zaragoza-Albarracín)}}</ref> The taifa greatly prospered in a cultural and political sense in the late 11th century, and being later governed by [[Ahmad al-Muqtadir]], [[Yusuf al-Mu'taman ibn Hud]] and [[Al-Musta'in II]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Espada Torres|first=Diana María|year=2019|title=Historia, memoria y ciudad. La recuperación de la imagen de Alfonso I, El Batallador.|journal=La Tadeo Dearte|volume=5|issue=5|page=80|doi=10.21789/24223158.1530|url=https://revistas.utadeo.edu.co/index.php/ltd/article/view/1530/1503|publisher=[[Universidad de Bogotá Jorge Tadeo Lozano]]|location=Bogotá|doi-access=free}}</ref> It fell to the [[Almoravid]]s in 1110.<ref name=atlas />

On 18 December 1118, [[Alfonso I of Aragon]] conquered the city from the Almoravids,<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Rogers|editor1-first=Clifford J.|editor1-link=Clifford J. Rogers|title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology|volume=1|date=2010|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-533403-6|page=466|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mzwpq6bLHhMC&q=zaragoza+1118|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170319110931/https://books.google.nl/books?id=mzwpq6bLHhMC&dq=zaragoza+1118&hl=nl|archive-date=2017-03-19}}</ref> and made it the capital of the [[Kingdom of Aragon]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Aragon-region-Spain#ref169835|title=Aragon {{!}} region, Spain|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=2017-08-25|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825200013/https://www.britannica.com/place/Aragon-region-Spain#ref169835|archive-date=2017-08-25}}</ref> The aforementioned monarch created a jurisdictional dominion in the city, which was gifted to [[Gaston IV, Viscount of Béarn|Gaston of Béarn]].{{Sfn|Falcón|2014|p=209}} The city remained a [[lordship]] up until the early 13th century.<ref>{{Cite book <!--DUPLICATE |url=http://www.rmoa.unina.it/5139/1/Ascheri_3-Falc%C3%B3n.pdf--> |chapter=Las primeras ordenanzas otorgadas a la Ciudad de Zaragoza|first=Isabel|last=Falcón|title=Honos alit artes. Studi per il settantesimo compleanno di Mario Ascheri. Il cammino delle idee dal medioevo all'età moderna|editor-first=Paola|editor-last=Maffei|editor-first2=Gian Maria|editor-last2=Varanini|location=Florence|publisher=[[Firenze University Press]]|year=2014|isbn=978-88-6655-632-9|url=http://www.rm.unina.it/rmebook/dwnld/Ascheri_3.pdf|page=209}}</ref>

There was a [[Jews|Jewish]] community in medieval Zaragoza, a notable center where [[Yeshiva|''yeshivas'']] also incorporated the study of philosophy alongside [[Torah study|Talmud studies]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Marciano |first=Yoel |title=Sages of Spain in the Eye of the Storm: Jewish Scholars of Late Medieval Spain |publisher=Bialik |year=2019 |isbn=978-965-536-266-4 |location=Jerusalem |pages=231 |language=he}}</ref>

===Early modern history===
An outbreak of [[bubonic plague]] decimated the city in 1564.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Zaragoza 1564. El año de la peste|first=Fco. José|last=Alfaro Pérez|location=Zaragoza|publisher=Institución Fernando el Católico|year=2019|isbn=978-84-9911-570-2|url=https://ifc.dpz.es/recursos/publicaciones/38/01/_ebook.pdf|page=19}}</ref> It reportedly killed about 10,000 people out of an estimated population of 25–30,000.{{Sfn|Alfaro Pérez|2019|p=61}}
[[File:Vista de Zaragoza en 1647.jpg|thumb|upright=2.3|center|''View of Zaragoza'' (1647) by [[Juan Bautista Martínez del Mazo]]]]
In the context of the 1701–1714 [[War of the Spanish Succession]], the city rose in arms in favour of the [[Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor|Archduke Charles]], who was proclaimed "King of Aragon" in the city on 29 June 1706, following the uprising of other parts of the Kingdom of Aragon in December 1705.{{Sfn|Monreal Casamayor|2017|p=24, 28}} Charles entered the city in July 1706, directing the attack on those places of Aragon that had sided with the [[House of Bourbon|Bourbon]] faction such as [[Borja, Zaragoza|Borja]] or the [[Cinco Villas, Aragon|Cinco Villas]].<ref name=ibdes>{{Cite book|title=La Guerra de Sucesión en Ibdes y su comarca. Una villa privilegiada en la aplicación de los decretos de Nueva Planta<!--|pages=161–189-->|url=https://ifc.dpz.es/recursos/publicaciones/31/07/6sucesionibdes.pdf|publisher=Institución Fernando el Católico|location=Zaragoza|pages=175–176}}</ref> Following the [[Battle of Almansa|April 1707 battle at Almansa]], the tide turned with the ''Austracist'' forces fleeing in disarray, and the Bourbon forces commanded by the [[Philippe II, Duke of Orléans|Duke of Orléans]] entering the city on 26 May 1707.{{Sfn|Bonell Colmenero|2010|p=22}} As he seized control of the kingdom, he began to enact the series of institutional reforms known as the [[Nueva Planta decrees|Nueva Planta]], abolishing the Aragonese institutions in favour of the Castilian ones.{{Sfn|Bonell Colmenero|2010|p=22}} The war turned around again in 1710 after the [[Battle of Almenar]], and, following another [[Battle of Saragossa|Bourbon defeat near Zaragoza on 20 August 1710]], Archduke Charles returned to the city on the next day.<ref name=ibdes /> This was for only a brief period, though, as following the entry of Philip V in Madrid and the ensuing [[Battle of Villaviciosa]] in December 1710, the Habsburg armies fled from Zaragoza in haste in December 1710 and [[Philip V of Spain|Philip V]] proceeded to consolidate his rule over the kingdom of Aragon, resuming administrative reforms after a period of institutional void.{{Sfn|Armillas|Pérez|2004|p=268}}

An important [[food riot]] caused by the high price of bread and other [[necessity good]]s{{Sfn|Monterde Albiac|1999|pp=221–222}} took place in the city in April 1766, the so-called {{Lang|es|motín de los broqueleros}}, named after the repressive agents, volunteer farmers and craftsmen who wielded swords and [[buckler]]s ({{Lang|es|broqueles}}).{{Sfn|Monterde Albiac|1999|p=222}} The repression left about 300 wounded, 200 detainees and 8 deaths and it was followed by 17 public executions, and an indeterminate number of killings at the dungeons of the [[Aljafería]].{{Sfn|Armillas Vicente|1989|pp=242–243}}

===Late Modern history===
[[File:Santa Engracia - Lejeune.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Assault of the French Army at Santa Engracia Monastery on 8 February 1809 during the [[Peninsular War]]. Oil on canvas, 1827.]]
Zaragoza suffered two famous sieges during the [[Peninsular War]] against the Napoleonic army: a [[First Siege of Zaragoza|first]] from June to August 1808; and a [[Second Siege of Zaragoza|second]] from December 1808 to February 1809, surrendering only after some 50,000 defenders had died.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.historynet.com/napoleons-total-war.htm |title=Napoleon's Total War |publisher=Historynet.com |date=7 March 2007 |access-date=2017-03-16 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170319023110/http://www.historynet.com/napoleons-total-war.htm |archive-date=19 March 2017 }}</ref>

Railway transport came to Zaragoza on 16 September 1861 with the inauguration of the [[Barcelona]]–Zaragoza line with the arrival of a train from the former city to the [[Estación del Norte (Zaragoza)|Estación del Norte]].<ref name=tren /> The  [[Madrid]]–Zaragoza line was opened a year and a half later, on 16 May 1863.<ref name=tren>{{Cite web|url=https://www.elperiodicodearagon.com/noticias/aragon/tren-cumple-150-anos-zaragoza_696612.html|website=[[El Periódico de Aragón]]|title=El tren cumple 150 años en Zaragoza|date=28 August 2011|first=A|last=Muñoz Padrós}}</ref>

The [[Spanish coup of July 1936|July 1936 coup d'état]] (with Gen. [[Miguel Cabanellas]], Col. {{ill|José Monasterio Ituarte|es|lt=Monasterio}}, {{ill|Gustavo Urrutia González|es|lt=Urrutia}}, {{ill|Álvaro Sueiro y Vilariño|es|lt=Sueiro}}, Major Cebollero and Gen.{{ill|Gregorio Benito Terraza|es|lt=Gregorio de Benito}} at the centre of the [[General Mola|Mola]]-led conspiration in Zaragoza) triumphed in the city.{{Sfn|Casanova|1989|p=299}} After the military uprising in Africa on 17 July, the military command easily attained its objectives in Zaragoza in the early morning of 19 July,{{Sfn|Casanova|1989|pp=299–300}} despite the city's status as stronghold of organised labour (mostly [[Confederación Nacional del Trabajo|CNT]] anarcho-syndicalists but also [[Unión General de Trabajadores|UGT]] trade unionists), as the civil governor critically refused to give weapons to the people in time.{{Sfn|Alcalde Fernández|2010|pp=40–41}} Many refugees, including members of the provincial committees of parties and unions, fled to [[Caspe]], the capital of the territory of Aragon, which was still controlled by the Republic.{{Sfn|Barcelo Gresa|2016|p=114}}
{{See also|Regional Defence Council of Aragon}}

[[File:Falange Members in Saragossa 1936 (Retouched).jpg|thumb|right|[[Falange Española de las JONS|Falange]] members in front of the Basilica of El Pilar (12 October 1936)]]

The rearguard violence committed by the putschists, with at least 12 murders on 19 July, would only go ''in crescendo'' along the beginning of the conflict.{{Sfn|Alcalde Fernández|2010|pp=41}} Thus one of the two big cities under Rebel control since the early stages of the [[Spanish Civil War]] along [[Seville]], Zaragoza profited from an increasing industrial production vis-à-vis the [[war economy]],{{Sfn|Martínez de Baños Carrillo|2010|p=13}} playing a key role for the [[Francoist faction]] as ammunition manufacturer.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.heraldo.es/noticias/aragon/zaragoza/2010/07/18/la-primera-gran-fabrica-guerra-franco-95225-2261126.html |website=[[Heraldo de Aragón]] |title=La primera gran fábrica de guerra de Franco |first=Mariano |last=García |date=18 July 2010}}</ref>

The [[General Military Academy]], a higher training center of the [[Spanish Army]], was re-established on 27 September 1940 by [[José Enrique Varela]], the [[Francoist]] Minister of the Army.

The [[Pact of Madrid|1953 Accords]] ensued with the installment of a joint [[Zaragoza Air Base|US–Spain air base in Zaragoza]].{{Sfn|Biescas|1989|p=231}}

Following the declaration of Zaragoza as {{Lang|es|Polo de Desarrollo Industrial}} ("Pole for Industrial Development") by the regime in 1964, the city doubled in population in a short time.<ref>{{Cite book |chapter-url=http://habitat.aq.upm.es/eacc/azaragoza.html |chapter=Procesos de urbanización de la huerta zaragozana. Incoherencias instrumentales |first=Ana |last=Zazo |publisher=[[Universidad Politécnica de Madrid]] |year=2010 |title=El espacio agrícola entre el campo y la ciudad |editor-first=Mariano |editor-last=Vázquez |editor-first2=Carlos |editor-last2=Verdaguer}}</ref> The increase in population ran parallel to the [[rural flight]] and depopulation in the rest of Aragon.{{Sfn|Biescas|1989|p=231}}

In 1979, a fire at the [[Hotel Corona de Aragón fire]] killed at least 80 people, including members of the family of Francisco Franco.<ref name="El País1979">{{cite news |title=El incendio del Corona de Aragón, fue provocado, según "El Alcázar" |url=http://elpais.com/diario/1979/11/20/espana/311900416_850215.html |access-date=25 July 2016 |work=El País |publisher=PRISA |date=20 November 1979 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315133530/http://elpais.com/diario/1979/11/20/espana/311900416_850215.html |archive-date=15 March 2016 |language=es |quote=.}}</ref> The armed [[Basque conflict|Basque]] nationalist and separatist organization [[ETA (separatist group)|ETA]] carried out the [[Zaragoza barracks bombing]] in 1987 which killed eleven people, including a number of children, leading to 250,000 people taking part in demonstrations in the city.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/12/12/world/11-killed-by-bomb-in-northern-spain.html |title=11 Killed by Bomb in Northern Spain |agency=Reuters |date=1987-12-12 |work=The New York Times |access-date=2018-02-01 |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201193254/http://www.nytimes.com/1987/12/12/world/11-killed-by-bomb-in-northern-spain.html |archive-date=2018-02-01}}</ref>

Since 1982, the city has been home to a large factory built by [[General Motors]] for the production of [[Opel]] cars, some of which are exported to the United Kingdom and sold under the [[Vauxhall Motors|Vauxhall]] brand. The city took advantage of the entry of Spain into the European Communities (later European Union).{{sfn|Fernández Maldonado|Romein|2012|p=58}}