Editing York (section)

==History==
{{Main|History of York}}
{{For timeline}}

===Early history===
[[File:Roman Fortifications in Museum Gardens York.jpg|thumb|Roman wall and the west corner tower of [[Eboracum]]. The top half is medieval.|200x200px]]

Archaeological evidence suggests that [[Mesolithic]] people settled in the region of York between 8000 and 7000&nbsp;BC, although it is not known whether their settlements were permanent or temporary. By the time of the [[Roman conquest of Britain]], the area was occupied by a [[tribe]] known to the Romans as the [[Brigantes]]. The Brigantian tribal area initially became a Roman client state, but later its leaders became more hostile and the Roman [[Legio IX Hispana|Ninth Legion]] was sent north of the [[Humber]] into Brigantian territory.<ref name="Willis26">{{cite book|last=Willis|first=Ronald|year=1988|title=The illustrated portrait of York|edition=4th|publisher=Robert Hale Limited|isbn=0-7090-3468-7|pages=26–27}}</ref>

The city was founded in AD&nbsp;71, when the Ninth Legion conquered the Brigantes and constructed a wooden military [[castra|fortress]] on flat ground above the [[River Ouse, Yorkshire|River Ouse]] close to its [[confluence]] with the [[River Foss]]. The fortress, whose walls were rebuilt in stone by the VI legion based there subsequent to the IX legion, covered an area of {{convert|50|acre|ha}} and was inhabited by 6,000 [[Roman legion|legion]]ary soldiers. The site of the ''principia'' (headquarters) of the fortress lies under the foundations of [[York Minster]], and excavations in the undercroft have revealed part of the Roman structure and columns.<ref name="coyyh"/><ref name="ytss-2"/>

[[File:Constantine York.jpg|thumb|[[Statue of Constantine the Great, York|Roman Emperor Constantine the Great proclaimed Emperor at York in 306&nbsp;AD]].|200x200px]]

The Roman emperors [[Hadrian]], [[Septimius Severus]] and [[Constantius I]] all held court in York during their various campaigns. During his stay between AD 207 and 211 the emperor Severus proclaimed York capital of the province of Britannia Inferior, and it is likely that it was he who granted York the privileges of a '[[Colonia (Roman)|colonia]]' or city. Constantius I died in AD&nbsp;306 during his stay in York, and his son [[Constantine the Great]] was proclaimed emperor by the troops based in the fortress.<ref name="ytss-2">{{cite book|last1=Shannon|first1=John|last2=Tilbrook|first2=Richard|title=York – the second city|publisher=Jarrold Publishing|year=1990|isbn=0-7117-0507-0|page=2}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Lower (Britannia Inferior) and Upper Britain (Britannia Superior)|url=http://www.vanderbilt.edu/AnS/Classics/roman_provinces/britain/image21.htm|publisher=Vanderbilt University|access-date=24 October 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080302180601/http://www.vanderbilt.edu/AnS/Classics/roman_provinces/britain/image21.htm|archive-date=2 March 2008|url-status=live}}</ref> In AD&nbsp;314 a bishop from York attended the [[Synod of Arles (314)|Council at Arles]] to represent Christians from the [[Roman province|province]].<ref>{{cite book|section=Before the Norman Conquest|title=A History of the County of York: the City of York|editor-first=P. M. |editor-last=Tillott |year=1961|pages=2–24|via=British History Online|url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/yorks/city-of-york/pp2-24|access-date=19 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190419023839/https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/yorks/city-of-york/pp2-24|archive-date=19 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

While the Roman ''colonia'' and [[castra|fortress]] were on high ground, by AD&nbsp;400 the town was victim to occasional flooding from the rivers Ouse and Foss, and the population reduced.<ref>{{cite book|last=Russo|first=Daniel G.|year=1998|title=Town Origins and Development in Early England, c. 400–950 A.D.|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|publication-date=1998|pages=119–120|isbn=978-0-313-30079-0}}</ref> York declined in the [[sub-Roman Britain|post-Roman]] era, and was taken and settled by the [[Angles (tribe)|Angles]] in the 5th century.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Jones|first1=Barri|last2=Mattingly|first2=David|year=1990|title=An Atlas of Roman Britain|publisher=Blackwell Publishers|publication-date=2007|location=Cambridge|page=317|isbn=978-1-84217-067-0}} Cemeteries that are identifiably Anglian date from this period; some graves are within the Roman cemetery on The Mount.</ref>

Reclamation of parts of the town was initiated in the 7th century under [[Edwin of Northumbria|King Edwin]] of [[Northumbria]], and York became his chief city.<ref>{{cite web|title=York history timeline|url=http://www.yorkhistory.com/timeline/index.php|publisher=YorkHistory.com|year=2007|access-date=4 October 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070314135055/http://www.yorkhistory.com/timeline/index.php|archive-date=14 March 2007}}</ref> The first wooden [[minster (church)|minster church]] was built in York for the baptism of Edwin in 627, according to the Venerable Bede.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.historyofyork.org.uk/themes/anglian-york/the-first-minster |title=The First Minster: History of York |publisher=York Museums Trust |work=History of York |access-date=18 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004123310/http://www.historyofyork.org.uk/themes/anglian-york/the-first-minster |archive-date=4 October 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Edwin ordered the small wooden church be rebuilt in stone; however, he was killed in 633, and the task of completing the stone minster fell to his successor [[Oswald of Northumbria|Oswald]].<ref name="coyyh"/><ref name="ymhist"/> In the following century, [[Alcuin of York]] came to the cathedral school of York. He had a long career as a teacher and scholar, first at the school at York now known as [[St Peter's School, York|St Peter's School]], founded in AD&nbsp;627, and later as [[Charlemagne]]'s leading advisor on ecclesiastical and educational affairs.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/vikings/alcuin_01.shtml |title=Alcuin of York |last=Ritchie |first=Anna |date=1 July 2001 |publisher=BBC |access-date=18 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090831084537/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/vikings/alcuin_01.shtml |archive-date=31 August 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 866 Northumbria was in the midst of internecine struggles when the [[Vikings]] raided and captured York. As a thriving Anglo-Saxon metropolis and prosperous economic hub, York was a clear target for the Vikings. Led by [[Ivar the Boneless]] and [[Halfdan Ragnarsson|Halfdan]], Scandinavian forces attacked the town on All Saints' Day. Launching the assault on a holy day proved an effective tactical move – most of York's leaders were in the cathedral, leaving the town vulnerable to attack and unprepared for battle.

After it was conquered, the city was renamed from the Old English Eoforwic to [[Jorvik]]. It became the capital of Viking territory in Britain, and at its peak boasted more than 10,000 inhabitants. This was a population second only to London within Great Britain. Jorvik proved an important economic and trade centre for the Vikings. Norse coinage was created at the Jorvik mint, while archaeologists have found evidence of a variety of craft workshops around the town's central [[Coppergate]] area. These demonstrate that textile production, metalwork, carving, glasswork and jewellery-making were all practised in Jorvik. Materials from as far afield as the [[Persian Gulf]] have also been discovered, suggesting that the town was part of an international trading network.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.historyextra.com/period/anglo-saxon/key-viking-dates-lindisfarne-raid-danelaw-swein-forkbeard-harald-hardrada-stamford-bridge/|title=From the raid on Lindisfarne to Harald Hardrada's defeat: 8 Viking dates you need to know|access-date=16 June 2020|work=History Extra|publisher=BBC|archive-date=16 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200616222141/https://www.historyextra.com/period/anglo-saxon/key-viking-dates-lindisfarne-raid-danelaw-swein-forkbeard-harald-hardrada-stamford-bridge/|url-status=live}}</ref> Under Viking rule the city became a major river port, part of the extensive Viking trading routes throughout northern Europe.
The last ruler of an independent Jórvík, [[Eric Bloodaxe]], was driven from the city in AD&nbsp;954 by King [[Eadred]] in his successful attempt to complete the unification of England.<ref name="coyyjv">{{cite web|title=Jorvik: Viking York|publisher=City of York Council|url=http://www.york.gov.uk/leisure/Local_history_and_heritage/yorks_history/03_jorvik/|date=20 December 2006|access-date=5 October 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070913081501/http://www.york.gov.uk/leisure/Local_history_and_heritage/yorks_history/03_jorvik/|archive-date=13 September 2007}}</ref>

===After the conquest===
[[File:RidsdalePanorma.jpg|thumb|A panorama of 15th-century York by [[E. Ridsdale Tate]]; York Castle is on the right hand side of the river, opposite the abandoned motte of [[Baile Hill]].|200x200px]]

In 1068, two years after the [[Norman conquest of England]], the people of York rebelled. Initially they succeeded, but upon the arrival of [[William I of England|William the Conqueror]] the rebellion was suppressed. William at once built a wooden fortress on a motte. In 1069, after another rebellion, the king built another timbered castle across the River Ouse. These were destroyed in 1069 and rebuilt by William about the time of his ravaging Northumbria in what is called the "[[Harrying of the North]]" where he destroyed everything from York to Durham. The remains of the rebuilt castles, now in stone, are visible on either side of the River Ouse.<ref>{{cite EB1911|wstitle=York|volume=28|pages=927–929}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|section=The Old Baile|title=An Inventory of the Historical Monuments in City of York, Volume 2, the Defences |year=1972|pages=87–89|via=British History Online|url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/rchme/york/vol2/pp87-89|access-date=16 June 2020|archive-date=27 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227014309/https://www.british-history.ac.uk/rchme/york/vol2/pp87-89|url-status=live}}</ref>

The first stone minster church was badly damaged by fire in the uprising, and the Normans built a minster on a new site. Around the year 1080, [[Thomas I of York|Archbishop Thomas]] started building the cathedral that in time became the current Minster.<ref name="ymhist">{{cite web |url=http://www.yorkminster.org/learning/the-minsters-history/ |title=York Minster: a very brief history |publisher=York Minster |access-date=15 June 2009 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121209035428/http://www.yorkminster.org/learning/the-minsters-history/ |archive-date=9 December 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[File:Clifford's Tower, from south.JPG|thumb|[[Clifford's Tower]], part of York Castle|200x200px]]

York prospered in the 12th century. In 1190 [[York Castle#12th century|York Castle]] was the site of an infamous [[12th century English pogroms|massacre of its Jewish inhabitants]], in which at least 150 people were murdered, although some authorities put the figure as high as 500.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.historyofyork.org.uk/themes/norman/the-1190-massacre|title=The 1190 Massacre|publisher=York Museums Trust|work=History Of York|access-date=13 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130103050430/http://www.historyofyork.org.uk/themes/norman/the-1190-massacre|archive-date=3 January 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="bbcpog">{{cite web |title=Death in York |publisher=BBC |date=28 September 2006 |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/judaism/history/pogromyork_1.shtml |access-date=10 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081214091034/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/judaism/history/pogromyork_1.shtml |archive-date=14 December 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The city, through its location on the River Ouse and its proximity to the [[Great North Road (Great Britain)|Great North Road]], became a major trading centre. [[John, King of England|King John]] granted the city's first [[charter]] in 1212,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-york-north-yorkshire-14078535|title=Charter Day celebrations for York announced|work=BBC News|access-date=29 January 2015|date=8 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016054044/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-york-north-yorkshire-14078535|archive-date=16 October 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> confirming trading rights in England and Europe.<ref name="ymhist"/><ref name="coynm">{{cite web |title=Norman and Medieval York |publisher=City of York Council |url=http://www.york.gov.uk/leisure/Local_history_and_heritage/yorks_history/04_norman/ |date=20 December 2006 |access-date=1 October 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070915160317/http://www.york.gov.uk/leisure/Local_history_and_heritage/yorks_history/04_norman/
|archive-date=15 September 2007}}</ref> During the later Middle Ages, York merchants imported wine from France, cloth, wax, canvas, and oats from the [[Low Countries]], timber and furs from the [[Baltic region|Baltic]] and exported grain to [[Gascony]] and grain and wool to the Low Countries.<ref name="VCH">{{cite book |url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=36335&strquery=wool |title=''A History of the County of York: the City of York'': The later middle ages – Communications, markets and merchants |publisher=British History Online |access-date=18 July 2009 |year=1961 |editor-first=P. M. |editor-last=Tillott |pages=97–106 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112100958/http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=36335&strquery=wool |archive-date=12 January 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref>

York became a major cloth-manufacturing and trading centre. [[Edward I]] further stimulated the city's economy by using the city as a base for his war in Scotland. The city was the location of significant unrest during the so-called [[Peasants' Revolt]] in 1381. The city acquired an increasing degree of autonomy from central government including the privileges granted by a charter of [[Richard II of England|Richard II]] in 1396.

===16th to 18th centuries===
[[File:Wall of the ruins, st marys abbey York 8714.jpg|thumb|[[St Mary's Abbey, York|St Mary's Abbey]] was founded in 1155 and destroyed during the Dissolution, {{circa|1539}}.|200x200px]]

The city underwent a period of economic decline during the [[Tudor period]]. Under [[Henry VIII of England|King Henry VIII]] the [[Dissolution of the Monasteries]] saw the end of York's many [[Monastery|monastic houses]], including several orders of [[friars]], the hospitals of St Nicholas and of St Leonard, the largest such institution in the north of England. This led to the [[Pilgrimage of Grace]], an uprising of northern Catholics in Yorkshire and Lincolnshire opposed to religious reform. Henry VIII restored his authority by establishing the [[Council of the North]] in York in the dissolved St Mary's Abbey. The city became a trading and service centre during this period.<ref name="coyad">{{cite web|title=The Age of Decline|publisher=City of York Council|url=http://www.york.gov.uk/leisure/Local_history_and_heritage/yorks_history/05_the_age_of_decline/|date=20 December 2006|access-date=5 October 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080204082654/http://www.york.gov.uk/leisure/Local_history_and_heritage/yorks_history/05_the_age_of_decline/|archive-date=4 February 2008}}</ref><ref name="iadbpm"/> King Henry VIII spent a lot of time travelling around the country on official Royal Tours also known as "progresses."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.york.ac.uk/news-and-events/news/2023/research/new-light-on-royal-tours-of-iconic-king/ |website=York University |title=Research to shed new light on 'royal tours' of iconic King }}</ref> In 1541 Henry VIII and Catherine Howard visited the city of York on their royal tour. The royal party would have been met outside the walls by civic dignitaries before formally entering the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://henryontour.uk/|title=Henry on Tour |website=henryontour.uk|accessdate=3 August 2024}}</ref> The civic dignitary would have been the Lord Mayor of York, who at the time of their arrival on 15 September 1541<ref name="yorkmuseumgardens"/> was Robert Hall.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Drake |first1=Francis |title=A Catalogue of the Mayors and Bailiffs, Lord Mayors, and Sheriffs of the city of Your from anno 1273, 1 Edward I, and upwards, to the present year (1735)}}</ref> He owned the residential property at 74 Low Petergate. Following a special service held in their honour at York minster, Henry and Catherine rode from the minster down to Petergate, one of the five gateways, and over to the closed Benedictine abbey of St. Mary<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.york.ac.uk/news-and-events/news/2023/research/new-light-on-royal-tours-of-iconic-king/ |website=University of York |date=2 May 2023 | title=Research to shed new light on 'royal tours' of iconic King }}</ref> which had been converted into a palace for the King to stay in while he visited York on his Royal Tour.<ref name="yorkmuseumgardens">{{cite web|url=https://www.yorkmuseumgardens.org.uk/about/st-marys-abbey/|title=St Mary's Abbey |publisher= York Museum Gardens|accessdate=3 August 2024}}</ref>

[[Anne of Denmark]] came to York with her children [[Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales|Prince Henry]] and [[Elizabeth Stuart, Queen of Bohemia|Princess Elizabeth]] on 11 June 1603. The Mayor gave her a tour and offered her [[hippocras|spiced wine]], but she preferred beer.<ref>Ethel Carleton Williams, ''Anne of Denmark'' (London, 1970), p. 77.</ref> [[Guy Fawkes]], who was born and educated in York, was a member of a group of [[Roman Catholic]] restorationists that planned the [[Gunpowder Plot]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thisweek-online.com/2005/September/30bonfire.html|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20051215081802/http://www.thisweek-online.com/2005/September/30bonfire.html|archive-date=15 December 2005|publisher= ThisWeek Newspapers|work=ThisWeek Online|title=Transplanted Englishman brings country's Guy Fawkes party tradition to Burnsville|date=24 October 2007}}</ref> Its aim was to displace [[Protestant]] rule by blowing up the [[Houses of Parliament]] while King [[James I of England|James I]], the entire Protestant, and even most of the Catholic [[aristocracy]] and [[nobility]] were inside.

[[File:A map of York england.jpg|thumb|A map of York, 1611|200x200px]]

In 1644, during the [[English Civil War]], the [[Roundhead|Parliamentarians]] [[Siege of York|besieged York]], and many medieval houses outside the city walls were lost. The [[barbican]] at Walmgate Bar was undermined and explosives laid, but the plot was discovered. On the arrival of [[Prince Rupert of the Rhine|Prince Rupert]], with an army of 15,000 men, the siege was lifted. The Parliamentarians retreated some {{convert|6|mi|km|0}} from York with Rupert in pursuit, before turning on his army and soundly defeating it at the [[Battle of Marston Moor]]. Of Rupert's 15,000 troops, 4,000 were killed and 1,500 captured. The siege was renewed and the city surrendered to [[Thomas Fairfax, 3rd Lord Fairfax of Cameron|Sir Thomas Fairfax]]<ref name="coyad"/> on 15 July.

Following the [[English Restoration|restoration of the monarchy]] in 1660, and the removal of the garrison from York in 1688, the city was dominated by the gentry and merchants, although the clergy were still important. Competition from [[Leeds]] and [[Kingston upon Hull|Hull]], together with silting of the River Ouse, resulted in York losing its pre-eminent position as a trading centre, but its role as the social and cultural centre for wealthy northerners was rising. York's many elegant [[townhouse]]s, such as the [[Mansion House, York|Lord Mayor's Mansion House]] and [[Fairfax House]] date from this period, as do the [[York Assembly Rooms|Assembly Rooms]], the [[Theatre Royal, York|Theatre Royal]], and the [[York Racecourse|racecourse]].<ref name="iadbpm">{{cite web |title=Post-medieval York |publisher=York Archaeological Trust |work=Secrets Beneath Your Feet |url=http://www.yorkarchaeology.co.uk/secrets/pmedieval.htm |access-date=18 July 2009 |year=1998 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517134912/http://www.yorkarchaeology.co.uk/secrets/pmedieval.htm |archive-date=17 May 2008}}</ref><ref name="coygt">{{cite web|title=Georgian York – social capital of the North|publisher=City of York Council|url=http://www.york.gov.uk/leisure/Local_history_and_heritage/yorks_history/07_georgian/|date=22 July 2008|access-date=5 October 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080204082705/http://www.york.gov.uk/leisure/Local_history_and_heritage/yorks_history/07_georgian/|archive-date=4 February 2008}}</ref>

===Modern history===
[[File:National Railway Museum - Virgin 91101 (rear).JPG|thumb|The Great Hall at the [[National Railway Museum]]|200x200px]]

The railway promoter [[George Hudson]] was responsible for bringing the railway to York in 1839. Although Hudson's career as a railway entrepreneur ended in disgrace and bankruptcy, his promotion of York over Leeds, and of his own railway company (the [[York and North Midland Railway]]), helped establish York as a major railway centre by the late-19th century.<ref>Sources:
* {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Da8AAAAIAAJ|title=A History of modern Leeds|editor-first=Derek|editor-last=Fraser|publisher=Manchester University Press|year=1980|isbn=0-7190-0747-X|chapter=V. Leeds becomes a transport centre|first=R. W.|last=Unwin|at=pp. 132–133|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Da8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA132|access-date=8 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203050447/https://books.google.com/books?id=4Da8AAAAIAAJ|archive-date=3 February 2016|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MmaYSbOrTH0C|title=Stability And Change in an English County Town: A Social Study of York 1801–51|first=Alan|last=Armstrong|publisher=Cambridge University Press|orig-year=1974|year=2005|pages=37–43|isbn=9780521019873|access-date=8 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203050447/https://books.google.com/books?id=MmaYSbOrTH0C|archive-date=3 February 2016|url-status=live}}
* {{cite news |url=http://www.yorkpress.co.uk/features/features/4473355.York_s_part_in_the_history_of_the_East_Coast_Main_Line/ |title=East Coast Main Line: York's part in the history of the railways |first=Stephen |last=Lewis |work=York Press |date=3 July 2009 |access-date=20 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120418011441/http://www.yorkpress.co.uk/features/features/4473355.York_s_part_in_the_history_of_the_East_Coast_Main_Line/ |archive-date=18 April 2012 |url-status=dead}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/RAhudson.htm |title=George Hudson |publisher=Spartacus Educational |work=SchoolNet |access-date=12 June 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090401155437/http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/RAhudson.htm |archive-date=1 April 2009}}</ref>

The introduction of the railways established engineering in the city.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bv2BrOMo8cIC|title=Civil engineering heritage: Northern England|first=Robert William|last=Rennison|publisher=Thomas Telford|year=1996|at=5. York and North Yorkshire, pp.133.134|isbn=9780727725189|access-date=8 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203050447/https://books.google.com/books?id=Bv2BrOMo8cIC|archive-date=3 February 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ind1">{{cite web|url=http://www.historyofyork.org.uk/themes/industrialisation|title=Industrialisation|work=www.historyofyork.org.uk|access-date=30 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131025125941/http://www.historyofyork.org.uk/themes/industrialisation|archive-date=25 October 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> At the turn of the 20th century, the railway accommodated the headquarters and works of the [[North Eastern Railway (UK)|North Eastern Railway]], which employed more than 5,500 people. The railway was instrumental in the expansion of [[Rowntree's|Rowntree's Cocoa Works]]. It was founded in 1862 by Henry Isaac Rowntree, who was joined in 1869 by his brother the philanthropist [[Joseph Rowntree (Philanthropist)|Joseph Rowntree]].<ref name="history">{{cite web |url=http://www.nestle.co.uk/OurBrands/AboutOurBrands/ConfectioneryAndCakes/History+of+Rowntree.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080104184252/http://www.nestle.co.uk/OurBrands/AboutOurBrands/ConfectioneryAndCakes/History%2Bof%2BRowntree.htm |archive-date=4 January 2008 |publisher=Nestlé UK Ltd |title=History of Nestlé Rowntree |year=2008 |access-date=19 July 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Another chocolate manufacturer, [[Terry's|Terry's of York]], was a major employer.<ref name="iadbpm"/><ref name="coyrapd"/> By 1900, the railways and confectionery had become the city's two major industries.<ref name="ind1"/>

[[File:Lower Petergate in York, England.jpg|thumb|Low Petergate with the minster in the background|296x296px]]

York was a centre of [[early photography]], as described by Hugh Murray in his 1986 book ''Photographs and Photographers of York: The Early Years, 1844–79''. Photographers who had studios in York included [[William Hayes (photographer)|William Hayes]], [[William Pumphrey]], and [[Augustus Mahalski]] who operated on [[Davygate]] and [[Petergate|Low Petergate]] in the 19th century, having come to England as a refugee after serving as a [[Uhlan|Polish lancer]] in the Austro-Hungarian war.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cyc.sdp.sirsidynix.net.uk/client/en_GB/search/asset/1018049|title=KNO/3/8: Transcript of 'Yorkshire Artists' by J W Knowles|last=Murray|first=Jill|pages=112x, 113|work=explore York libraries and archives|access-date=19 September 2016|archive-date=25 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225123426/https://cyc.sdp.sirsidynix.net.uk/client/en_GB/search/asset/1018049|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://archiveshub.ac.uk/data/gb192-mah|title=Records of Augustus Mahalski, Photographer|work=Archives Hub|access-date=19 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919151649/http://archiveshub.ac.uk/data/gb192-mah|archive-date=19 September 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 1942 the city was bombed during the [[Second World War]] (part of the [[Baedeker Blitz]]) by the ''[[Luftwaffe]]'' of [[Nazi Germany]]. 92 people were killed and hundreds were injured.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yorkpress.co.uk/search/display.var.1333684.0.luftwaffe_pilot_says_sorry_for_bombing_york.php|title=Luftwaffe pilot says sorry for bombing York|date=17 April 2007|work=The Press|publisher=Newsquest Media Group|access-date=21 July 2009|archive-date=12 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112005239/https://www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/1333684.luftwaffe-pilot-says-sorry-for-bombing-york/|url-status=live}}</ref> Buildings damaged in the raid included the [[York railway station|Railway Station]], [[Rowntree's]] Factory, Poppleton Road Primary School, St Martin-le-Grand Church, the [[Bar Convent]] and the [[Guildhall, York|Guildhall]] which was left in total disrepair until 1960.

[[File:Bench King's Square York.jpg|thumb|Bench with [[Kit Kat]] advertising in York (where the bar was created by the confectionery company [[Rowntree's]]) to mark National Chocolate Week in 2018|200x200px]]

With the emergence of tourism, the historic core of York became one of the city's major assets, and in 1968 it was designated a [[conservation area]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.york.gov.uk/download/downloads/id/3509/conservation_area_-_01_-york_central_histoic_corepdf.pdf|title=York Central Historic Core: Conservation Area Appraisal|publisher=City of York Council|access-date=17 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118163437/https://www.york.gov.uk/download/downloads/id/3509/conservation_area_-_01_-york_central_histoic_corepdf.pdf|archive-date=18 November 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The existing tourist attractions were supplemented by the establishment of the [[National Railway Museum]] in York in 1975,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nrm.org.uk/AboutUs/history.aspx |title=History of the NRM |publisher=National Railway Museum |access-date=15 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091207051101/http://www.nrm.org.uk/AboutUs/history.aspx |archive-date=7 December 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> the [[Jorvik Viking Centre]] in 1984<ref>{{cite book|title=Archaeology: Theories, Methods and Practice|first1=Colin |last1=Renfrew|first2=Paul G. |last2=Bahn|edition=5|publisher=Thames & Hudson|year=2008|isbn=9780500287194|page=542}}</ref> and the [[York Dungeon]] in 1986.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/14842323.York_Dungeon_celebrates_30th_anniversary/|title=York Dungeon celebrates 30th anniversary|publisher=York Press|date=4 November 2016|access-date=19 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180119235530/http://www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/14842323.York_Dungeon_celebrates_30th_anniversary/|archive-date=19 January 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> The opening of the [[University of York]] in 1963 added to the prosperity of the city.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.york.ac.uk/admin/presspr/pressreleases/alumnidinner.htm |title=Founding students return to York 40 years on |publisher=University of York |date=7 October 2003 |access-date=15 June 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051109065509/http://www.york.ac.uk/admin/presspr/pressreleases/alumnidinner.htm |archive-date=9 November 2005}}</ref> In March 2012 [[York's Chocolate Story]] opened.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/9614506.Inside_York_s_new_chocolate_museum/|title=Inside York's new chocolate museum|publisher=York Press|date=27 March 2012|access-date=19 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180119235119/http://www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/9614506.Inside_York_s_new_chocolate_museum/|archive-date=19 January 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

York was voted European Tourism City of the Year by European Cities Marketing in June 2007, beating 130 other European cities to gain first place, surpassing [[Gothenburg]] in Sweden (second) and [[Valencia, Spain|Valencia]] in Spain (third).<ref name="yorkaward">{{cite news |title=York voted top city for tourists |work=[[BBC News]] |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/north_yorkshire/6751753.stm |date=14 June 2007 |access-date=28 July 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090107035149/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/north_yorkshire/6751753.stm |archive-date=7 January 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> York was also voted safest place to visit in the 2010 ''[[Condé Nast Traveller]]'' Readers' Choice Awards.<ref>{{cite web|title=Conde Nast Traveller|url=http://www.cntraveller.com/magazine/readers-travel-awards-2010/destinations-uk-cities|publisher=Conde Nast Traveller|access-date=22 May 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017090312/http://www.cntraveller.com/magazine/readers-travel-awards-2010/destinations-uk-cities|archive-date=17 October 2013}}</ref> In 2018 ''[[The Sunday Times]]'' deemed York to be its overall 'Best Place to Live' in Britain, highlighting the city's "perfect mix of heritage and hi-tech" and as a "mini-metropolis with cool cafes, destination restaurants, innovative companies – plus the fastest internet in Britain".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thetimes.com/best-places-to-live/article/york-best-places-to-live-8grhj85sn|title=York — the best place to live in the UK 2018|date=18 March 2018|access-date=27 June 2018|work=The Sunday Times|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627230634/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/york-best-places-to-live-8grhj85sn|archive-date=27 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/uk/revealed-york-tops-prestigious-list-of-best-places-to-live-in-uk-for-2018-a3792751.html|title=This is the best place to live in the UK, according to a prestigious list|work=The Standard|access-date=5 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180706004408/https://www.standard.co.uk/news/uk/revealed-york-tops-prestigious-list-of-best-places-to-live-in-uk-for-2018-a3792751.html|archive-date=6 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The result was confirmed in a [[YouGov]] survey, reported in August 2018, with 92 per cent of respondents saying that they liked the city, more than any of 56 other British cities.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://yougov.co.uk/news/2018/08/20/york-britains-most-liked-city/|title=YouGov – York is Britain's most popular city|website=YouGov: What the world thinks|access-date=27 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180827142307/https://yougov.co.uk/news/2018/08/20/york-britains-most-liked-city/|archive-date=27 August 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>