Editing Yokohama (section)

==History==
{{For timeline}}

===Opening of the Treaty Port (1859–1868)===
Before the Europeans arrived, Yokohama was a small fishing village up to the end of the feudal [[Edo period]], when Japan held [[Sakoku|a policy of national seclusion]], having little contact with foreigners.<ref>''Der Große Brockhaus.'' 16. edition. Vol. 6. F. A. Brockhaus, Wiesbaden 1955, p. 82</ref> A major turning point in Japanese history happened in 1853–54, when Commodore [[Matthew C. Perry|Matthew Perry]] arrived just south of Yokohama with a fleet of American warships, demanding that Japan open several ports for commerce, and the [[Tokugawa shogunate]] agreed by signing the [[Treaty of Peace and Amity]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.city.yokohama.jp/me/kyoiku/library/perry/ |title=Official Yokohama city website it is fresh |publisher=City.yokohama.jp |access-date=May 5, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100612234615/http://www.city.yokohama.jp/me/kyoiku/library/perry/ |archive-date=June 12, 2010 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}</ref>

It was initially agreed that one of the ports to be opened to foreign ships would be the town of [[Kanagawa-juku]] (in what is now [[Kanagawa-ku, Yokohama|Kanagawa Ward]]) on the [[Tōkaidō (road)|Tōkaidō]], a strategic highway that linked [[Edo (Tokyo)|Edo]] to Kyoto and Osaka. However, the [[Tokugawa shogunate]] decided that Kanagawa-juku was too close to the Tōkaidō for comfort, and port facilities were instead built across the inlet in the fishing village of Yokohama. The [[Port of Yokohama]] was officially opened on June 2, 1859.<ref>Arita, Erika, "[http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/fl20090524x1.html Happy Birthday Yokohama!] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831235409/http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/fl20090524x1.html |date=August 31, 2010 }}", ''[[The Japan Times]]'', May 24, 2009, p. 7.</ref>

Yokohama quickly became the base of foreign trade in Japan. Foreigners initially occupied the low-lying district of the city called [[Kannai]], residential districts later expanding as the settlement grew to incorporate much of the elevated [[Yamate]] district overlooking the city, commonly referred to by English-speaking residents as ''The Bluff''. Under pressure from United States and United Kingdom officials, the Tokugawa government built a commercial sex district which opened on November 10, 1859, with 6 brothels and 200 indentured sex workers.'''<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Driscoll |first=Mark W. |title=The Whites are Enemies of Heaven: Climate Caucasianism and Asian Ecological Protection |date=2020 |publisher=[[Duke University Press]] |isbn=978-1-4780-1121-7 |location=Durham}}</ref>'''{{Rp|page=68}} The area of Yokohama with the highest concentration of brothels was known as Bloodtown.<ref name=":6" />{{Rp|page=67}}

[[Kannai]], the foreign trade and commercial district (literally, ''inside the barrier''), was surrounded by a moat, foreign residents enjoying extraterritorial status both within and outside the compound. Interactions with the local population, particularly young samurai, outside the settlement inevitably caused problems; the [[Namamugi Incident]], one of the events that preceded the [[Bakumatsu|downfall of the shogunate]], took place in what is now [[Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama|Tsurumi Ward]] in 1862, and prompted the [[Bombardment of Kagoshima]] in 1863.

To protect British commercial and diplomatic interests in Yokohama a [[Yamate#British Military Garrison|military garrison]] was established in 1862. With the growth in trade increasing numbers of Chinese also came to settle in the city.<ref>Fukue, Natsuko, "[http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20090528f1.html Chinese immigrants played vital role] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824044629/http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20090528f1.html |date=August 24, 2010 }}", ''[[Japan Times]]'', May 28, 2009, p. 3.</ref> Yokohama was the scene of many notable firsts for Japan including the growing acceptance of western fashion, photography by pioneers such as [[Felice Beato]], Japan's first English language newspaper, the ''Japan Herald'' published in 1861 and in 1865 the first ice cream confectionery and [[William Copeland (brewer)|beer]] to be produced in Japan.<ref>Matsutani, Minoru, "[http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20090529f2.html Yokohama – city on the cutting edge] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100826113559/http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20090529f2.html |date=August 26, 2010 }}", ''[[Japan Times]]'', May 29, 2009, p. 3.</ref> Recreational sports introduced to Japan by foreign residents in Yokohama included European style [[Horse racing in Japan#History|horse racing]] in 1862, [[Yokohama Country & Athletic Club|cricket]] in 1863<ref>{{cite news|last1=Galbraith|first1=Michael|title=Death threats sparked Japan's first cricket game|url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2013/06/16/national/history/death-threats-sparked-japans-first-cricket-game/#.Vv25ETGCjL8|access-date=1 April 2016|newspaper=Japan Times|date=16 June 2013|archive-date=April 1, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401134140/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2013/06/16/national/history/death-threats-sparked-japans-first-cricket-game/#.Vv25ETGCjL8|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Rugby union in Japan#History|rugby union]] in 1866. A great fire destroyed much of the foreign settlement on November 26, 1866, and [[smallpox]] was a recurrent public health hazard, but the city continued to grow rapidly – attracting foreigners and Japanese alike.
===Meiji and Taisho periods (1868–1923)===
After the [[Meiji Restoration]] of 1868, the port was developed for trading [[silk]], the main trading partner being Great Britain. Western influence and technological transfer contributed to the establishment of Japan's first daily newspaper (1870), first gas-powered street lamps (1872) and Japan's first [[railway]] constructed in the same year to connect Yokohama to [[Shinagawa]] and [[Shinbashi]] in Tokyo. In 1872 [[Jules Verne]] portrayed Yokohama, which he had never visited, in an episode of his widely read novel ''[[Around the World in Eighty Days]]'', capturing the atmosphere of the fast-developing, internationally oriented Japanese city.

In 1887, a British merchant, [[Samuel Cocking]], built the city's first power plant. At first for his own use, this coal power plant became the basis for the Yokohama Cooperative Electric Light Company. The city was officially incorporated on April 1, 1889.<ref name="interesting1">{{cite web|url= https://www.yokohamajapan.com/about/|title= Interesting Tidbits of Yokohama|website= Yokohama Convention & Visitors Bureau| access-date= February 7, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090505110044/https://www.yokohamajapan.com/about/ | archive-date=May 5, 2009}}</ref> By the time the [[extraterritoriality]] of foreigner areas was abolished in 1899, Yokohama was the most international city in Japan, with foreigner areas stretching from Kannai to the [[Yamate|Bluff]] area and the large [[Yokohama Chinatown]].

The early 20th century was marked by rapid growth of industry. Entrepreneurs built factories along reclaimed land to the north of the city toward [[Kawasaki, Kanagawa|Kawasaki]], which eventually grew to be the [[Keihin Industrial Area]]. The growth of Japanese industry brought affluence, and many wealthy trading families constructed sprawling residences there, while the rapid influx of population from Japan and Korea also led to the formation of Kojiki-Yato, then the largest slum in Japan.
[[File:Kusakabe Kimbei - Yokohama Foreign Settlement Pano.jpg|thumb|700x700px|Yokohama {{circa|1880}}|center]]

===Great Kantō earthquake and the Second World War (1923–1945)===
[[File:80-G-473746 (TR-15632) (22324277654).jpg|thumb|Yokohama in the aftermath of air raids during the Second World War]]
Much of Yokohama was destroyed on September 1, 1923, by the [[1923 Great Kantō earthquake|Great Kantō earthquake]]. The Yokohama police reported casualties at 30,771 dead and 47,908 injured, out of a pre-earthquake population of 434,170.<ref>Hammer, Joshua. (2006). [https://books.google.com/books?id=6O8VyhDbUPgC&q=Tokyo+1923&pg=PA243  ''Yokohama Burning: The Deadly 1923 Earthquake and Fire that Helped Forge the Path to World War II'', p. 143.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205103140/https://books.google.com/books?id=6O8VyhDbUPgC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Tokyo+1923&lr=&source=gbs_summary_r#PPA243,M1 |date=February 5, 2017 }}</ref> Fuelled by rumors of rebellion and sabotage, vigilante mobs thereupon murdered many Koreans in the Kojiki-yato slum.<ref>Hammer, [https://books.google.com/books?id=6O8VyhDbUPgC&q=Tokyo+1923&pg=PA149 pp. 149] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205103140/https://books.google.com/books?id=6O8VyhDbUPgC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Tokyo+1923&lr=&source=gbs_summary_r#PPA149,M1 |date=February 5, 2017 }}-170.</ref> Many people believed that Koreans used [[black magic]] to cause the earthquake. [[Martial law]] was in place until November 19. Rubble from the quake was used to reclaim land for parks, the most famous being the [[Yamashita Park]] on the waterfront which opened in 1930.

Yokohama was rebuilt, only to be destroyed again by U.S. air raids during World War II. The first bombing was in the April 18, 1942 [[Doolittle Raid]]. An estimated 7,000–8,000 people were killed in a single morning on May 29, 1945, in what is now known as the Great Yokohama Air Raid, when [[B-29 Superfortress|B-29s]] firebombed the city and in just one hour and nine minutes, reducing 42% of it to rubble.<ref name="interesting1"/>

===Postwar growth and development===
[[File:The night view of Minato Mirai 21.jpg|thumb|Shipyards, wharves, railyards, and warehouses in the dockland area were redeveloped into [[Minato Mirai 21]].]]
During the [[Occupied Japan|American occupation]], Yokohama was a major transshipment base for American supplies and personnel, especially during the [[Korean War]]. After the occupation, most local U.S. naval activity moved from Yokohama to an American base in nearby [[Yokosuka]].

Four years after the [[Treaty of San Francisco]] signed, the city was designated by [[Cities designated by government ordinance of Japan|government ordinance]] on September 1, 1956.{{Citation needed|date=July 2010}} The city's tram and [[trolleybus]] system was abolished in 1972, the same year as the opening of the first line of [[Yokohama Municipal Subway]]. Construction of [[Minato Mirai 21]] ("Port Future 21"), a major urban development project on reclaimed land started in 1983, nicknamed the "[[Philadelphia]] and [[Boston]] of the Orient" was compared to [[Center City, Philadelphia]] and [[Downtown Boston]] located in the [[East Coast of the United States]]. Minato Mirai 21 hosted the Yokohama Exotic Showcase in 1989, which saw the first public operation of [[maglev train]]s in Japan and the opening of [[Cosmo Clock 21]], then the tallest [[Ferris wheel]] in the world. The {{convert|860|m|ft|adj=mid|-long}} [[Yokohama Bay Bridge]] opened in the same year. In 1993, Minato Mirai 21 saw the opening of the [[Yokohama Landmark Tower]], the [[List of tallest structures in Japan|second-tallest building in Japan]].

The [[2002 FIFA World Cup]] final was held in June at the [[International Stadium Yokohama]]. In 2009, the city marked the 150th anniversary of the opening of the port and the 120th anniversary of the commencement of the City Administration. An early part in the commemoration project incorporated the Fourth [[Tokyo International Conference on African Development]] (TICAD&nbsp;IV), which was held in Yokohama in May 2008. In November 2010, Yokohama hosted the [[Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation]] (APEC) meeting.