Editing Xenophobia (section)

== History ==

===Ancient Africa===
In [[Ancient Egypt]], foreigners were conceived of through a complex xenophobic discourse. Given ancient Egypt's long history, Egyptians encountered a number of different peoples. Peoples living in present-day [[Greece]], [[Sudan]], and [[Turkey]], for instance, were referred to by various names in [[Egyptian language|Egyptian]]. According to one source, "...all the names have at the end the same hieroglyphic sign– a determinative or [[taxogram]]– indicating the word group. This is the hieroglyph for a hilly country or the desert– indicating 'foreign land' (khaset)...By contrast, Egypt (Kemet/Black land) is written with the determinative for a town. This indicates that Egyptians regarded their part of the world as cultivated, ordered and civilized, while the other countries were not."<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cornelius |first1=Sakkie |title=Ancient Egypt and the Other |journal=Scriptura: Journal for Biblical, Theological and Contextual Hermeneutics |date=2010 |volume=104± |page=322 |doi=10.7833/104-0-174|hdl=10019.1/103151 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> This indicates an early example of a xenophobic attitude towards other peoples. In addition, ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics indicate xenophobic ideas about a necessity to conquer non-Egyptians, with [[Hittites]] in particular being referred to as "vile".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Müller-Wollermann |first1=R |last2=Zimmerman |first2=M |title=Symbolische Gewalt im Alten Ägypten. In Extreme Formen von Gewalt in Bild und Text des Altertums |date=2009 |publisher=München: Herbert Utz |pages=47–64}}</ref>

===Ancient Europe===
{{main|Slavery in ancient Rome}}
An early example of xenophobic sentiment in [[Western culture]] is the [[Ancient Greece|Ancient Greek]] denigration of foreigners as "[[barbarian]]s", the belief that the [[Greeks|Greek people]] and [[Culture of Greece|culture]] were superior to all other peoples and [[culture]]s, and the subsequent conclusion that barbarians were naturally meant to be [[Slavery|enslaved]].<ref name="GreeksBarbarians">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z3VmQB99c5YC |title=Greeks and Barbarians |publisher=Taylor & Francis |author=Harrison, Thomas |year=2002 |page=3 |isbn=978-0-415-93959-1}}</ref>

[[Ancient Rome|Ancient Romans]] also held notions of superiority over other peoples.<ref name="Invention Racism">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jfylyRawl8EC |title=The Invention of Racism in Classical Antiquity |publisher=Princeton University Press |author=Isaac, Benjamin H. |year=2006 |page=317 |isbn=978-0-691-12598-5}}</ref> such as in a speech attributed to [[Manius Acilius Glabrio (consul 191 BC)|Manius Acilius]]:
{{blockquote|There, as you know, there were Macedonians and Thracians and Illyrians, all most warlike nations, here Syrians and Asiatic Greeks, the most worthless peoples among mankind and born for slavery.<ref name="Invention Racism" />}}
[[File:Anti-Immigrant Xenophobia.png|thumb|A global index of anti-immigrant xenophobia based on https://doi.org/10.1080/21565503.2022.2097097]]
Black Africans were considered especially exotic, and perhaps they were considered threateningly alien, so they are seldom if ever mentioned in Roman literature without some negative connotations. The historian [[Appian]] claims that the military commander [[Marcus Junius Brutus]], before the [[battle of Philippi]] in 42BC, met an 'Ethiopian' outside the gates of his camp: his soldiers instantly hacked the man to pieces, taking his appearance for a bad omen—to the superstitious Roman, black was the colour of death."<ref>{{cite book |last1=of Alexandria |first1=Appian |title=The Civil Wars |page=4.17}}</ref>

=== COVID-19 ===
{{Main|Xenophobia and racism related to the COVID-19 pandemic}}
The [[COVID-19 pandemic]], which was first reported in the city of [[Wuhan]], Hubei, China, in December 2019, led to an increase in acts and displays of [[Anti-Chinese sentiment|Sinophobia]], as well as [[prejudice]], xenophobia, discrimination, [[Ethnic violence|violence]], and racism against people of East Asian and Southeast Asian descent and appearance around the world.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=He |first1=Jun |last2=He |first2=Leshui |last3=Zhou |first3=Wen |last4=Nie |first4=Xuanhua |last5=He |first5=Ming |title=Discrimination and Social Exclusion in the Outbreak of COVID-19 |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |date=23 April 2020 |volume=17 |issue=8 |pages=2933 |doi=10.3390/ijerph17082933 |doi-access=free |pmid=32340349 |pmc=7215298 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Devakumar |first1=Delan |last2=Shannon |first2=Geordan |last3=Bhopal |first3=Sunil S |last4=Abubakar |first4=Ibrahim |title=Racism and discrimination in COVID-19 responses |journal=The Lancet |date=April 2020 |volume=395 |issue=10231 |pages=1194 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30792-3 |pmid=32246915 |pmc=7146645 }}</ref> With the spread of the [[pandemic]] and the formation of COVID-19 hotspots, such as those in Asia, Europe, and the Americas, discrimination against people from these hotspots was reported.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Reny|first1=Tyler T.|last2=Barreto|first2=Matt A.|date=28 May 2020|title=Xenophobia in the time of pandemic: othering, anti-Asian attitudes, and COVID-19|journal=Politics, Groups, and Identities|volume=10|issue=2|pages=209–232|doi=10.1080/21565503.2020.1769693|s2cid=219749159|issn=2156-5503|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=White|first=Alexandre I. R.|date=18 April 2020|title=Historical linkages: epidemic threat, economic risk, and xenophobia|journal=The Lancet|language=en|volume=395|issue=10232|pages=1250–1251|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30737-6|issn=0140-6736|pmid=32224298|pmc=7154503}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Devakumar|first1=Delan|last2=Shannon|first2=Geordan|last3=Bhopal|first3=Sunil S|last4=Abubakar|first4=Ibrahim|date=April 2020|title=Racism and discrimination in COVID-19 responses|journal=The Lancet|volume=395|issue=10231|pages=1194|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30792-3|issn=0140-6736|pmc=7146645|pmid=32246915}}</ref>