Editing Wolfgang Pauli (section)

== Career ==
Sommerfeld asked Pauli to review the [[theory of relativity]] for the [[Klein's encyclopedia|''Encyklopädie der mathematischen Wissenschaften'']] (''Encyclopedia of Mathematical Sciences''). Two months after receiving his doctorate, Pauli completed the article, which came to 237 pages. Einstein praised it; published as a [[monograph]], it remains a standard reference on the subject.<ref>W. Pauli (1926) [https://archive.org/details/EncyklopdieDerMathematischenWissenschaftennfterBandPhysik/page/n545 Relativitätstheorie] [[Klein's encyclopedia]] V.19 via [[Internet Archive]]</ref>

[[File:Wolfgang Pauli young.jpg|left|thumb|Wolfgang Pauli lecturing (1929)]]
Pauli spent a year at the [[University of Göttingen]] as the assistant to [[Max Born]], and the next year at the Institute for Theoretical Physics in [[University of Copenhagen|Copenhagen]] (later the [[Niels Bohr Institute]]).<ref name=peierls/> From 1923 to 1928, he was a professor at the [[University of Hamburg]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Universität Hamburg und DESY gründen Wolfgang Pauli Centre für theoretische Physik |url=https://www.desy.de/infos__services/presse/pressemeldungen/@@news-view?id=5081&lang=ger |website=DESY Hamburg |access-date=14 February 2022 |language=German |date=May 2013 |quote=Benannt ist das Centre nach dem Physik-Nobelpreisträger, der von 1923 bis 1928 Professor in Hamburg war.}}</ref> During this period, Pauli was instrumental in the development of the modern theory of [[quantum mechanics]]. In particular, he formulated the [[Pauli exclusion principle|exclusion principle]] and the theory of nonrelativistic [[Spin (physics)|spin]]. 

In 1928, Pauli was appointed Professor of Theoretical Physics at [[ETH Zurich]] in Switzerland.<ref name=peierls/> He was awarded the [[Lorentz Medal]] in 1930.<ref>{{cite web |title=Wolfgang Pauli – Biographical |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1945/pauli/biographical/ |website=The Nobel Prize |access-date=29 June 2021}}</ref> He held visiting professorships at the [[University of Michigan]] in 1931 and the [[Institute for Advanced Study]] in [[Princeton, New Jersey|Princeton]] in 1935.

===Jung===
At the end of 1930, shortly after his postulation of the [[neutrino]] and immediately after his divorce and his mother's suicide, Pauli experienced a personal crisis. In January 1932 he consulted psychiatrist and psychotherapist [[Carl Jung]], who also lived near [[Zürich]]. Jung immediately began interpreting Pauli's deeply [[archetypal]] dreams and Pauli became a collaborator of Jung's. He soon began to critique the [[epistemology]] of Jung's theory scientifically, and this contributed to a certain clarification of Jung's ideas, especially about [[synchronicity]]. A great many of these discussions are documented in the Pauli/Jung letters, today published as ''Atom and Archetype''. Jung's elaborate analysis of more than 400 of Pauli's dreams is documented in ''[[Psychology and Alchemy]]''. In 1933 Pauli published the second part of his book on physics, ''Handbuch der Physik'', which was considered the definitive book on the new field of quantum physics. [[Robert Oppenheimer]] called it "the only adult introduction to quantum mechanics."<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Von Meyenn|first=Karl|title=Wolfgang Pauli|journal=Physics Today|date=1 February 2001|volume=54|issue=2|pages=43–48|doi=10.1063/1.1359709|bibcode=2001PhT....54b..43M|doi-access=free}}</ref>

The [[Anschluss|German annexation of Austria in 1938]] made Pauli a German citizen, which became a problem for him in 1939 after World War II broke out. In 1940, he tried in vain to obtain Swiss citizenship, which would have allowed him to remain at the ETH.<ref>Charles Paul Enz: ''No Time to be Brief: A Scientific Biography of Wolfgang Pauli'', first published 2002, reprinted 2004, {{ISBN|978-0-19-856479-9}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=c-UJWhBaZBgC&pg=PA338 p. 338]</ref>

===United States and Switzerland===
In 1940, Pauli moved to the United States, where he was employed as a professor of theoretical physics at the [[Institute for Advanced Study]]. In 1946, after the war, he became a [[Naturalization|naturalized]] U.S. citizen and returned to Zürich, where he mostly remained for the rest of his life. In 1949, he was granted Swiss citizenship.

In 1958, Pauli was awarded the [[Max Planck medal]]. The same year, he fell ill with [[pancreatic cancer]]. When his last assistant, Charles Enz, visited him at the Rotkreuz hospital in Zürich, Pauli asked him, "Did you see the room number?" It was 137. Throughout his life, Pauli had been preoccupied with the question of why the [[fine-structure constant]], a [[dimensional analysis|dimensionless]] fundamental constant, has a value nearly equal to 1/137.<ref>Sherbon, M.A. Wolfgang Pauli and the Fine-Structure Constant. Journal of Science. Vol. 2, No. 3, pp. 148–154 (2012).</ref> Pauli died in that room on 15 December 1958.<ref name="Enz 2009 p95">"By a 'cabalistic' coincidence, Wolfgang Pauli died in room 137 of the Red-Cross hospital at Zurich on 15 December 1958." – Of Mind and Spirit, Selected Essays of Charles Enz, Charles Paul Enz, World Scientific, 2009, {{ISBN|978-981-281-900-0}}, p. 95.</ref><ref name="Enz 1983 p887">{{cite journal|last=Enz|first=Charles P.|journal=Helvetica Physica Acta|title=In memoriam Wolfgang Pauli (1900–1958)|url=https://www.e-periodica.ch/cntmng?pid=hpa-001:1983:56::1311}}</ref>