Editing Wine (section)

=== Etymology ===
[[File:Word for Wine in European languages.svg|thumb|Map showing the words for wine in European languages]]
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The English word "wine" comes from the [[Proto-Germanic language|Proto-Germanic]] ''*winam'', an early borrowing from the [[Latin]] ''vinum'', [[Georgian language|Georgian]] ''ღვინო'' (''ghvee-no''), "wine", itself derived from the [[Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]] stem *''uoin-a-'' (cf. {{langx|hy|գինի}}, ''[[wikt:գինի|gini]]''; [[Ancient Greek]]: {{lang|grc|οἶνος}} ''oinos''; [[Hittite language|Hittite]]: ''uiian(a)-'').<ref>{{OEtymD|wine}}</ref> The earliest attested terms referring to wine{{cn|date=February 2025}} are the [[Mycenaean Greek]] {{lang|gmy|𐀕𐀶𐀺𐄀𐀚𐀺}} ''me-tu-wo ne-wo'' (*{{lang|grc|μέθυϝος νέϝῳ}}),<ref>Found on the [[Pylos|PY]] Fr 1202 tablet.</ref> meaning "in (the month)" or "(festival) of the new wine", and {{lang|gmy|𐀺𐀜𐀷𐀴𐀯}} ''wo-no-wa-ti-si'',<ref>Found on the PY Vn 48 and PY Xa 1419 tablets.</ref> meaning "wine garden", written in [[Linear B]] inscriptions.<ref>{{cite web |first=T.G. |last=Palaima |url=http://www2.ulg.ac.be/archgrec/IMG/aegeum/aegaeum12%28pdf%29/Palaima.pdf |title=The Last days of Pylos Polity |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516070021/http://www2.ulg.ac.be/archgrec/IMG/aegeum/aegaeum12%28pdf%29/Palaima.pdf |archive-date=16 May 2011 |publisher=Université de Liège}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor-first=James C. |editor-last=Wright |title=The Mycenaean feast |publisher=American School of Classical Studies |date=2004 |isbn=9780876619513 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VJ6vBrYKPnMC&dq=me-tu-wo-ne-wo&pg=PA203 |via=Google books}}</ref>

The ultimate Indo-European origin of the word is the subject of some continued debate. Some scholars have noted the similarities between the words for wine in [[Indo-European languages]] (e.g. Armenian ''gini'', Latin ''vinum'', Ancient Greek οἶνος, Russian вино {{IPA|ru|vʲɪˈno|}}), [[Kartvelian languages|Kartvelian]] (e.g. [[Georgian language|Georgian]] [[wikt:ღვინო|ღვინო]] {{IPA|ka|ˈɣvino|}}), and [[Semitic languages|Semitic]] (''*wayn''; [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] יין {{IPA|he|jajin|}}), pointing to the possibility of a common origin of the word denoting "wine" in these language families.<ref>{{cite book |first=Benjamin W. |last=Fortson IV |title=Indo-European Language and Culture, an introduction |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |date=2010 |page=42 |isbn=9781405188968 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_kn5c5dJmNUC&q=wine |via=Google books}}</ref> The Georgian word goes back to [[Proto-Kartvelian]] *''ɣwino''-,<ref name="klimov">{{cite book |last=Klimov |first=Georgij |date=1998 |title=Etymological Dictionary of the Kartvelian Languages |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3B1ryOyFPFkC |location=Berlin |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |page=227 |isbn=978-3-11-015658-4 |access-date=26 April 2015}}</ref> which is either a borrowing from [[Proto-Indo-European]]<ref name="klimov" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Whitehead |first=Benedicte Nielsen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vm2SugMy8C0C&dq=%C9%A3wino&pg=PA505 |title=The Sound of Indo-European: Phonetics, Phonemics, and Morphophonemics |date=2012 |publisher=Museum Tusculanum Press |isbn=978-87-635-3838-1 |pages=505 |language=en}}</ref> or the lexeme was specifically borrowed from [[Proto-Armenian]] *''ɣʷeinyo''-, whence Armenian ''gini''.<ref>{{cite book|last=Martirosyan|first=Hrach|author-link=Hrach Martirosyan|title=Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon|url=https://archive.org/details/etymologicaldict00mart|url-access=limited|year=2010|publisher=Brill Academic Publishers|location=Leiden, Boston|page=[https://archive.org/details/etymologicaldict00mart/page/n227 214]|isbn=9789004173378}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Adjarian|first=Hrachia|title=Hayerēn armatakan baṙaran [Dictionary of Armenian Root Words]|publisher=Yerevan State University|location=Yerevan|page=559|volume=I|url=http://www.nayiri.com/imagedDictionaryBrowser.jsp?dictionaryId=7&pageNumber=564|language=hy|access-date=6 April 2014|archive-date=26 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226011243/http://www.nayiri.com/imagedDictionaryBrowser.jsp?dictionaryId=7&pageNumber=564|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Starostin|first=Sergei|title=Kartvelian Etymology database|url=http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=config&morpho=0&basename=%5Cdata%5Ckart%5Ckartet&first=1&text_proto=%C9%A3wino&method_proto=substring|access-date=6 April 2014|archive-date=7 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407095237/http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=config&morpho=0&basename=%5Cdata%5Ckart%5Ckartet&first=1&text_proto=%C9%A3wino&method_proto=substring|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Robert S. P.|last=Beekes|author-link=Robert S. P. Beekes|year=2010|title=Etymological Dictionary of Greek|location=Leiden, Boston|publisher=Brill|page=1059|volume=II|series=Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series, volume 10|others=with the assistance of Lucien van Beek}}</ref><ref name="klimov" />{{verification needed|date=December 2023}} An alternative hypothesis by Fähnrich supposes *''ɣwino''-, a native Kartvelian word derived from the verbal root *''ɣun''- ('to bend').<ref>{{cite book|last=Fähnrich|first=Heinz|title=Kartwelisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch|url=https://archive.org/details/kartwelischesety00fhnr|url-access=limited|year=2007|publisher=Brill|location=Leiden, Boston|page=[https://archive.org/details/kartwelischesety00fhnr/page/n485 486]|isbn=9789004161092|language=de}}</ref><ref>See [[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Kartvelian/ɣwino-|*''ɣwino''-]] for more.</ref>