Editing Winchester College (section)

=== Foundation and early years ===

[[File:Richard II founding charter for Winchester College 1382.jpg|thumb|upright|left|King Richard II's founding charter for Winchester College, 1382|alt=Photograph of a medieval document with seal]]

Winchester College was founded in 1382 by [[William of Wykeham]], [[Bishop of Winchester]] and Chancellor to both [[Edward III]] and [[Richard II]], in part because of the lack of trained priests following the [[Black Death]]. Winchester was to act as a feeder school to [[New College, Oxford|New College]], also founded by Wykeham.<ref>{{harvnb|Adams|1878|pp=19–23}}</ref> According to its 1382 charter and final statutes (1400), the school is called in [[Latin]] {{lang|la|Collegium Sanctae Mariae prope Wintoniam}} ("St Mary's College, near Winchester"), or {{lang|la|Collegium Beatae Mariae Wintoniensis prope Winton}} ("The College of the Blessed Mary of Winchester, near Winchester").<ref>{{cite book |last=Hebron |first=Malcolm |editor-last=Foster |editor-first=Richard |title=50 Treasures from Winchester College |publisher=SCALA |isbn=978-1785512209 |chapter=The statutes of Winchester College, 1400 |date=2019 |pages=9, 45–47, 55}}</ref> The first 70 "poor scholars" entered the school in 1394.<ref name="Heritage">{{cite web |title=Winchester College: Heritage |url=https://www.winchestercollege.org/welcome/heritage |publisher=Winchester College |access-date=21 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126150709/https://www.winchestercollege.org/welcome/heritage |archive-date=26 January 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> In the early 15th century the specific requirement was that scholars come from families where the income was less than five marks sterling (£3 6s 8d) ''per annum''; in comparison, the contemporary reasonable living for a [[yeoman]] was £5 ''per annum''.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Harwood |first=Winifred A. |title=The Household of Winchester College in the later Middle Ages 1400-1560 |journal=Proceedings of the Hampshire Field Club Archaeological Society |date=2004 |volume=59 |pages=163–179 |url=http://www.hantsfieldclub.org.uk/publications/hampshirestudies/digital/2000s/vol59/Harwood.pdf |access-date=4 September 2018}}</ref>

Other innovations at Winchester included enforcing discipline through the pupils themselves, using [[prefects]]. Discipline was in any case meant to be less harsh than was common in medieval schools, at least as the statutes read.<ref>{{harvnb|Adams|1878|pp=56–7}}</ref> Winchester was also unusual in giving education to boys aged 12–18, as universities would accept students within this age range.<ref name="Leach 1899 159–160">{{harvnb|Leach|1899|pp=159–160}}</ref>  These features, including the double foundation, formed the model for [[Eton College]] and [[King's College, Cambridge]], some 50 years later.<ref name="Clutton-Brock 1900 3–5">{{cite book |last=Clutton-Brock |first=A. |title=Eton |date=1900 |publisher=George Bell and Sons |pages=3–5 |url=https://archive.org/details/eton02clutgoog/page/n20/mode/2up}}</ref><!--, and for [[Westminster School]], [[Christ Church, Oxford]], and [[Trinity College, Cambridge]], in Tudor times--> Eton and Winchester formed a close partnership at that time.<ref>{{harvnb|Adams|1878|pp=65–67}}</ref> At first only a small number of pupils other than scholars were admitted; by the 15th century the school had around 100 pupils in total, nominally the 70 scholars, 16 choirboys known as "quiristers", and the rest "commoners". Demand for places for commoners was high, and though at first restricted, numbers gradually rose.<ref name="Turner 2014">{{cite book |last=Turner | first=David |title=The Old Boys: the decline and rise of the public school |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-300-18992-6 |pages=2–9}}</ref>