Editing William de St-Calais (section)

==Early ecclesiastical affairs==
The chronicler Symeon of Durham asserted that when St-Calais was consecrated bishop by Archbishop Thomas of York, he managed to avoid professing obedience to the archbishop, which, if true, would have freed St-Calais from interference in his diocese.<ref name=Church39>Barlow ''English Church'' p. 39</ref> After his appointment, St-Calais decided to replace his cathedral chapter of [[Clergy|secular clergy]] with monks, and consulted the king and [[Lanfranc]], the Archbishop of Canterbury, before going to Rome to receive permission from Pope [[Pope Gregory VII|Gregory VII]].<ref name=Monastic169>Knowles ''Monastic Order'' p. 169</ref> These consultations, and the conditions within his diocese, may have kept St-Calais from visiting Durham until some time after his elevation.<ref name=Green109>Green ''Aristocracy'' pp. 109–110</ref> In 1083 he expelled the married clergy from the cathedral,<ref name=Chibnall42>Chibnall ''Anglo-Norman England'' p. 42</ref> and moved a small community of monks from [[Bede]]'s old monastery at [[Jarrow]] to [[Durham, England|Durham]], to form the new chapter. This community had been founded at Jarrow by Reinfrid, a Norman ex-knight and monk of [[Evesham Abbey]], and Eadwine, an English monk from [[Winchcombe Abbey]].<ref name=Douglas328>Douglas ''William the Conqueror'' p. 328</ref> After the community had settled in Durham, St-Calais named Eadwine as [[Prior (ecclesiastical)|prior]], and arranged for lands to be set aside to support the monks.<ref name=Monastic169/> The expelled clergy were offered the option of joining the new monastic house, but only one actually joined.<ref name=Green109/>

St-Calais enjoyed good relations with his cathedral chapter, and they supported him when construction began on a new church in 1093.<ref name=Monastic170>Knowles ''Monastic Order'' pp. 169–170</ref> After demolishing an Anglo-Saxon church, he and Prior [[Turgot of Durham]] laid the foundation stone on 11 August 1093 for what would later become Durham Cathedral.<ref name=Page86>Page, ed. "Houses of Benedictine Monks" ''History of the County of Durham''  pp. 86–103</ref>

St-Calais also gave a set of constitutions to the cathedral chapter, modeled on Lanfranc's rule for Canterbury.<ref name=Monastic131>Knowles ''Monastic Order'' p. 131</ref> Symeon of Durham said that the bishop acted towards the monks of his chapter as a "loving father", and that the monks fully returned the sentiment.<ref name=Monastic623>Knowles ''Monastic Order'' p. 623</ref> St-Calais is said to have researched exhaustively the pre-[[Norman conquest of England|Norman Conquest]] customs of the cathedral, before re-establishing monks in the cathedral.<ref name=Monastic625>Knowles ''Monastic Order'' p. 625</ref> He imposed the ''[[Monastic Constitutions]]'' of Lanfranc on the community, instead of the older ''[[Regularis Concordia (Winchester)|Regularis Concordia]]''.<ref name=Williams136>Williams ''English and the Norman Conquest'' p. 136</ref><ref name=Williams153>Williams ''English and the Norman Conquest'' p. 153</ref>