Editing White Rose (section)

== Historical and intellectual background ==
=== Germany in 1942 ===
White Rose survivor Jürgen Wittenstein described what it was like for ordinary Germans to live in [[Nazi Germany]]:

{{blockquote|The government—or rather, the party—controlled everything: the news media, arms, police, the armed forces, the judiciary system, communications, travel, all levels of education from kindergarten to universities, all cultural and religious institutions. Political indoctrination started at a very early age, and continued by means of the Hitler Youth with the ultimate goal of complete mind control. Children were exhorted in school to denounce even their own parents for derogatory remarks about Hitler or Nazi ideology.|author=George J. Wittenstein, M.D., "Memories of the White Rose", 1997<ref name="wittenstein">{{Cite web|url=http://www.historyplace.com/pointsofview/white-rose1.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20030806190310/http://www.historyplace.com/pointsofview/white-rose1.htm|title=The History Place – Points of View: Memories of The White Rose – Part One|archivedate=6 August 2003|website=www.historyplace.com}}</ref>}}

The activities of the White Rose started in the autumn of 1942. This was a time that was particularly critical for the Nazi regime; after [[German-occupied Europe|initial victories]] in [[World War II]], the German population became increasingly aware of the losses and damages of the war. In summer 1942, the German Army was preparing a new military campaign in the southern part of the Eastern front to regain the initiative after their earlier defeat close to Moscow. This German offensive was initially very successful, but it slowed in the autumn as Army Group South approached Stalingrad and the Caucasus region. During this time, the authors of the pamphlets could neither be discovered, nor could the campaign be stopped by the Nazi authorities. When Hans and Sophie Scholl were discovered and arrested whilst distributing leaflets at Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich,<ref name="n" /> the regime reacted brutally. The "Volksgerichtshof" was not bound by law, but its decisions were guided by Nazi ideology. Thus, its actions were declared unlawful in post-war Germany. The execution of the White Rose group members, among many others, is considered [[judicial murder]] today.<ref>German [[Bundestag]], 10th Term of Office, 118. plenary session. Bonn, Friday, 25 January 1985. Protocol, p. 8762: "The Volksgerichtshof was an instrument of state-sanctioned terror, which served one single purpose, which was the destruction of political opponents. Behind a juridical facade, state-sanctioned murder was committed." [http://dip21.bundestag.de/dip21/btp/10/10118.pdf PDF] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603113802/http://dip21.bundestag.de/dip21/btp/10/10118.pdf |date=3 June 2016 }}, accessed 3 May 2016</ref>

=== Social background ===
The members of the core group all shared an academic background as students at Munich University. The Scholl siblings, Christoph Probst, Willi Graf and Alexander Schmorell were all raised by independently thinking and wealthy parents. Alexander Schmorell was born in Russia, and his first language was Russian. After he and Hans Scholl had become friends at the university, Alexander invited Hans to his parents' home, where Hans also met Christoph Probst at the beginning of 1941. [[Alexander Schmorell]] and [[Christoph Probst]] had already been friends since their school days. As Christoph's father had been divorced and had married again to a Jewish wife, the effects of the Nazi [[Nuremberg Laws]], and Nazi racial ideology had impacts on both Christoph's and Alexander's lives from early on.<ref name="Scholl">Inge Scholl: ''The White Rose: Munich, 1942–1943''. 2nd ed., originally published as "Students Against Tyranny". Transl. from the German Edition by Arthur R. Schulz. {{ISBN|978-0-8195-6086-5}}, p. 6</ref>

=== The German Youth Movement and the Hitler Youth ===
The ideas and thoughts of the [[German Youth Movement]], founded in 1896, had a major impact on the German youth at the beginning of the twentieth century. The movement aimed at providing free space to develop a healthy life. A common trait of the various organizations was a romantic longing for a pristine state of things, and a return to older cultural traditions, with a strong emphasis on independent, non-conformist thinking. They propagated a return to nature, confraternity and shared adventures. The {{lang|de|[[Deutsche Jungenschaft vom 1 November 1929]]|italic=no}} (abbreviated as "d.j.1.11.") was part of this youth movement, founded by [[Eberhard Koebel]] in 1929. Christoph Probst was a member of the German Youth Movement, and Willi Graf was a member of {{lang|de|Neudeutschland}} ("New Germany"), and the {{lang|de|[[Grauer Orden]]}} ("Grey Convent"), which were illegal [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] youth organizations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.holocaustresearchproject.org/revolt/whiterose.html|title=The White Rose Revolt & Resistance www.HolocaustResearchProject.org|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160523065146/http://www.holocaustresearchproject.org/revolt/whiterose.html|archive-date=23 May 2016}}</ref>

The Nazi Party's youth organizations took over some of the elements of the Youth Movement, and engaged their members in activities similar to the adventures of the [[Scouting Movement|Boy Scouts]], but also subjected them to ideological indoctrination. Some, but not all, of the White Rose members had enthusiastically joined the youth organizations of the Nazi party: Hans Scholl had joined the [[Hitler Youth]], and Sophie Scholl was a member of the {{lang|de|[[Bund Deutscher Mädel]]|italic=no}}. Membership in both party youth organizations was compulsory for young Germans, although a few—such as Willi Graf, [[Otl Aicher]], and Heinz Brenner—refused to join. Sophie and Hans' sister [[Inge Scholl]] reported about the initial enthusiasm of the young people for the Nazi youth organization, to their parents' dismay:<ref name="Scholl"/>

{{blockquote|But there was something else that drew us with mysterious power and swept us along: the closed ranks of marching youth with banners waving, eyes fixed straight ahead, keeping time to drumbeat and song. Was not this sense of fellowship overpowering? It is not surprising that all of us, Hans and Sophie and the others, joined the Hitler Youth? We entered into it with body and soul, and we could not understand why our father did not approve, why he was not happy and proud. On the contrary, he was quite displeased with us.| author=Inge Scholl, ''The White Rose''}}

Youth organizations other than those led by the Nazi party were dissolved and officially forbidden in 1936. Both Hans Scholl and Willi Graf were arrested in 1937–38 because of their membership in forbidden Youth Movement organizations. Hans Scholl had joined the {{lang|de|Deutsche Jungenschaft|italic=no}} 1. 11. in 1934, when he and other Hitler Youth members in Ulm considered membership in this group and the Hitler Youth to be compatible. Hans Scholl was also accused of transgressing the German anti-homosexuality law, because of a same-sex teen relationship dating back to 1934–1935, when Hans was only 16 years old. The argument was built partially on the work of [[Eckard Holler]], a sociologist specializing in the German Youth Movement,<ref>Eckard Holler, "Hans Scholl zwischen Hitlerjugend und dj.1.11 – Die Ulmer Trabanten", Puls 22, {{Interlanguage link multi|Verlag der Jugendbewegung|de}}, Stuttgart, 1999</ref> as well as on the Gestapo interrogation transcripts from the 1937–38 arrest, and with reference to historian [[George Mosse]]'s discussion of the homoerotic aspects of the German {{lang|de|"[[German Youth Movement#Bündische Jugend|Bündische Jugend]]"|italic=no}} Youth Movement.<ref>Mosse, George, ''Nationalism and Sexuality'', University of Wisconsin Press, 1985. {{ISBN|978-0-299-11894-5}}.</ref> As Mosse indicated, idealized romantic attachments among male youths were not uncommon in Germany, especially among members of the {{lang|de|"Bündische Jugend"|italic=no}} associations. It was argued that the experience of being persecuted may have led both Hans and Sophie to identify with the victims of the Nazi state, providing another explanation for why Hans and Sophie Scholl made their way from ardent "Hitler Youth" leaders to passionate opponents of the Nazi regime.<ref name="solving" />

=== Religion ===
The White Rose group was motivated by ethical, moral, and religious considerations. They supported and took in individuals of all backgrounds, and it did not depend on race, sex, religion, or age. They came from various religious backgrounds. Willi Graf and Katharina Schüddekopf were devout Catholics. Alexander Schmorell was an [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox Christian]]. Traute Lafrenz adhered to the concepts of [[anthroposophy]], while Eugen Grimminger considered himself a [[Buddhism|Buddhist]]. Christoph Probst was [[Baptism|baptized]] a Catholic only shortly before his execution. His father Hermann was nominally a Catholic, but also a private scholar of Eastern thought and wisdom. In their diaries and letters to friends, both Scholl siblings wrote about their reading of Christian scholars including [[Augustine of Hippo]]'s ''Confessions''<ref>Scholl, Hans, and Sophia Scholl. At the Heart of the White Rose: Letters and Diaries of Hans and Sophie Scholl. Ed. Inge Jens. Trans. Maxwell Brownjohn. New York: Harper & Row, 1987, p. 103</ref> and [[Etienne Gilson]], whose work on [[Medieval philosophy]] they discussed amongst other philosophical works within their network of friends.<ref name="Scholl"/> The Scholls read sermons by [[John Henry Newman]], and Sophie gave two volumes of Newman's sermons to her boyfriend, Fritz Hartnagel, when he was assigned to the Eastern Front; he wrote to her: "[W]e know by whom we are created, and that we stand in a relationship of moral obligation to our creator. Conscience gives us the capacity to distinguish between good and evil." This is a paraphrase of Newman's sermon, "The Testimony of Conscience".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Learning from the White Rose
| first=  George
| last = Weigel
| author-link= George Weigel
| year = 2018
|url=https://www.firstthings.com/web-exclusives/2018/03/learning-from-the-white-rose|access-date=6 February 2023|website=First Things|language=en}}</ref>

=== Mentors and role models ===
[[File:CAvGalenBAMS200612.jpg|thumb|right|upright|[[Clemens August Graf von Galen]]]]

In 1941, Hans Scholl read a copy of a sermon by an outspoken critic of the Nazi regime, Catholic Bishop [[Clemens August Graf von Galen|August von Galen]], decrying the [[euthanasia]] policies expressed in [[Action T4]] (and extended that same year to the [[Nazi concentration camps]] by [[Action 14f13]])<ref>Lifton, Robert Jay (1986). ''The Nazi Doctors: Medical Killing and the Psychology of Genocide''. Basic Books. {{ISBN|978-0-465-04905-9}}. p. 135.</ref> which the Nazis maintained would protect the German gene pool.<ref name="The White Rose">[http://www.shoaheducation.com/whiterose.html The White Rose] {{webarchive|url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20080206131523/http://www.shoaheducation.com/whiterose.html |date=6 February 2008 }} Shoah Education Project Web</ref> Horrified by the Nazi policies, Sophie obtained permission to reprint the sermon and distribute it at the University of Munich.<ref name="The White Rose" />

In 1940, [[Otl Aicher]] had met [[Carl Muth]], the founder of the Catholic magazine ''[[Hochland (magazine)|Hochland]]''. Otl in turn introduced Hans Scholl to Muth in 1941.<ref>Inge Scholl: ''The White Rose: Munich, 1942–1943''. 2nd ed., originally published as ''Students Against Tyranny''. Transl. from the German edition by Arthur R. Schulz. {{ISBN|978-0-8195-6086-5}}. p. 30.</ref> In his letters to Muth, Hans wrote about his growing attraction to the Catholic Christian faith.<ref>Scholl, Hans, and Sophia Scholl. ''At the Heart of the White Rose: Letters and Diaries of Hans and Sophie Scholl''. Ed. Inge Jens. Trans. Maxwell Brownjohn. New York: Harper & Row, 1987, p. 88.</ref> Both Hans and Sophie Scholl were influenced by Carl Muth whom they describe as deeply religious, and opposed to Nazism. He drew the Scholl siblings' attention to the persecution of the Jews, which he considered sinful and anti-Christian.<ref>Scholl, Hans, and Sophia Scholl. ''At the Heart of the White Rose: Letters and Diaries of Hans and Sophie Scholl''. Ed. Inge Jens. Trans. Maxwell Brownjohn. New York: Harper & Row, 1987, p. 87.</ref>

Both Sophie Scholl and Willi Graf attended some of Kurt Huber's lectures at the University of Munich. Kurt Huber was known amongst his students for the political innuendos which he used to include in his university lectures, by which he criticized Nazi ideology by talking about classical philosophers like [[Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz|Leibniz]]. He met Hans Scholl for the first time in June 1942, was admitted to the activities of the White Rose on 17 December 1942,<ref>Anneliese Knoop-Graf, Inge Jens (ed.): ''Willi Graf – Briefe und Aufzeichnungen. – Letters and [diary] records''. Berlin, 1994, Fischer Verlag, {{ISBN|978-3-596-12367-4}}, p. 88. {{in lang|de}}</ref> and became their mentor and the main author of the sixth pamphlet.

=== Experience on the World War II Eastern Front ===
[[Hans Scholl]], [[Alexander Schmorell]], [[Christoph Probst]], and [[Willi Graf]] were medical students. Their studies were regularly interrupted by terms of compulsory service as student soldiers in the Wehrmacht medical corps on the [[Eastern Front (World War II)|Eastern Front]]. Their experience during this time had a major impact on their thinking, and it also motivated their resistance, because it led to their disillusionment with the Nazi regime.<ref name="Bald_WR_2004">Detlef Bald, ''Die "Weiße Rose". Von der Front in den Widerstand. – The "White Rose". From the front to resistance.'' Aufbau Taschenbuch Verlag, Berlin 2004, {{ISBN|978-3-7466-8116-0}}, pp. 11–24</ref> [[Alexander Schmorell]], who was born in [[Orenburg]] and raised by Russian nurses, spoke perfect Russian, which allowed him to have direct contact and communication with the local Russian population and their plight. This Russian insight proved invaluable during their time there, and he could convey to his fellow White Rose members what was not understood or even heard by other Germans coming from the Eastern front.<ref name="Scholl"/>

In summer 1942, Hans, Alexander, and Willi had to serve for three months on the Russian front alongside many other male medical students from the University of Munich. There, they observed the horrors of war, saw beatings and other mistreatment of Jews by the Germans, and heard about the persecution of the Jews from reliable sources.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The White Rose |url=http://www.holocaust-history.org/short-essays/white-rose.shtml|access-date=6 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222233920/http://www.holocaust-history.org/short-essays/white-rose.shtml |archive-date=22 February 2014 }}</ref> Some witnessed atrocities of the war on the battlefield and against civilian populations in the East. In a letter to his sister Anneliese, Willi Graf wrote: "I wish I had been spared the view of all this which I had to witness."<ref>Anneliese Knoop-Graf, Inge Jens (ed.): ''Willi Graf – Briefe und Aufzeichnungen''. – Letters and [diary] records. Berlin, 1994, Fischer Verlag, {{ISBN|978-3-596-12367-4}}, p. 147, in German</ref> Gradually, detachment gave way to the conviction that something had to be done. It was not enough to keep to oneself one's beliefs, and ethical standards, but the time had come to act.<ref name="wittenstein"/>

The members of the White Rose were fully aware of the risks they incurred by their acts of resistance:
{{blockquote|I knew what I took upon myself and I was prepared to lose my life by so doing. | From the interrogation of Hans Scholl.}}