Editing Walvis Bay (section)

== History ==
[[File:Walvis Bay map.jpeg|thumb|Map showing location of Walvis Bay and reference to South Africa before the handover to [[Namibia]]]]
Portuguese navigator [[Diogo Cão]] reached [[Cape Cross]], north of the bay, in 1485.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=vtZtMBLJ7GgC ''Foundations of the Portuguese Empire, 1415–1580''], Diffie Bailey University of Minnesota Press, 1977, page 156</ref> There followed [[Bartolomeu Dias]], who anchored his flagship ''[[São Cristóvão]]'' in what is now Walvis Bay on 8 December 1487, on his expedition to discover a sea route to the East via the [[Cape of Good Hope]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=uyqepNdgUWkC&dq=Walvis+Bay+1487&pg=PA170 ''Historical Dictionary of European Imperialism''], James Stuart Olson, Robert Shadle, Greenwood Publishing Group, 1991, page 170</ref> He named the bay "O Golfo de Santa Maria da Conceição".<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=Su9WAAAAMAAJ&q=%22O+Golfo+de+Santa+Maria+da+Concei%C3%A7%C3%A3o.%22 ''Às portas da Índia em 1484''], Abel Fontoura Costa, Imprensa da Armada, 1935, page 31</ref> However, the Portuguese did not formally stake a claim to Walvis Bay.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Walvis Bay|url=http://davidgrant.org/holidays/2015-africa/04-namibia/walvis-bay.html|access-date=2020-05-28|website=davidgrant.org}}</ref>

Walvis Bay was founded at the end of the 18th century as a stopover for sea travel between [[Cape Town]] and the [[Netherlands]] by the Dutch East India Company.<ref name=Mbathera>{{cite news | title=Colonial sewerage system on the verge of collapse | first=Esther | last=Mbathera | newspaper=[[The Namibian]] | date=2 March 2021 | page=5 | url=https://www.namibian.com.na/99471/read/Colonial-sewerage-system-on-the-verge-of-collapse | access-date=2 March 2021 | archive-date=2 March 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302124514/https://www.namibian.com.na/99471/read/Colonial-sewerage-system-on-the-verge-of-collapse | url-status=dead }}</ref> No permanent (year-round) settlement was attempted and little commercial development occurred on the site until the late 19th century. In the meantime, the Cape Colony had become British, and during the [[Scramble for Africa]], the [[British Empire|British]] claimed Walvis Bay. They permitted the [[Cape Colony]] to complete the annexation of the territory in 1884, together with the [[Penguin Islands]], following initial steps that had been taken in 1878.<ref>Britannica,
[https://www.britannica.com/place/Walvis-Bay Walvis Bay], britannica.com, USA, accessed on 7 July 2019</ref><ref name="receuil">[https://books.google.com/books?id=h1GU1KXstegC&pg=PA213 Succession of States and Namibian territories], Y. Makonnen in ''Recueil Des Cours, 1986: Collected Courses of the Hague Academy of International Law'', Academie de Droit International de la Haye, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1987, page 213</ref>

In 1910, Walvis Bay, as part of the [[Cape Colony]], became part of the newly formed [[Union of South Africa]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=C49CAQAAIAAJ&q=%22and+with+it%22 Debates of Parliament], ''Hansard'', Volume 9, Issues 19–21, Government Printer, 1993, page 10179</ref> Subsequently, a dispute arose with Germany over the [[exclave]]'s boundaries, which was eventually settled in 1911, with Walvis Bay being allocated an area of {{convert|434|sqmi|0|order=flip}}.<ref name="geography">[https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/40572467.pdf Walvis Bay: exclave no more], Ieuan Griffiths, ''Geography'', Vol. 79, No. 4 (October 1994), page 354</ref>
[[File:Union of South Africa in its region.svg|thumb|Directly controlled land (including Walvis Bay) of the former [[Union of South Africa]]]]
[[File:Walvis Bay-Phare (2).jpg|thumb|300px|upright|Pelican Point, [[Lighthouse]] and Lodge (2014)]]
The exclave was overrun by the Germans during the [[South West Africa Campaign]] early in the [[First World War]], but the [[Union Defence Force (South Africa)|Union Defence Force]] (UDF) of South Africa eventually ousted the Germans in 1915.<ref>{{Cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EjZHLXRKjtEC&q=%22Walvis+Bay%22&pg=PA119 |first=David  |last=Killingray |chapter=Chapter 8. The War in Africa (pages 112–126) |title=A Companion to World War I |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |editor-last1=Horne |editor-first1=John |date=2012 |page=119|isbn=9781119968702 }}</ref> Subsequently, Walvis Bay was quickly integrated into the new martial law regime in South West Africa.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=f5gEAQAAIAAJ&q=%22martial+law+regime%22 ''Biennial Conference: Papers nos. 33–59''], African Studies Association of the UK, 1996, page 5</ref>

South Africa was later awarded control (a [[League of Nations mandate#Class C mandates|Class "C" mandate]]) over [[South West Africa]] by the [[League of Nations]] to administer the territory.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=9LLZBAAAQBAJ&dq=Walvis+Bay+was+transferred+to+South-West+Africa+by+an+act+of+the+South+African+parliament+in+1922&pg=PA67 ''The Namibian War of Independence, 1966-1989: Diplomatic, Economic and Military Campaigns''], Richard Dale McFarland, 2014, page 67</ref> Civilian rule was restored in South West Africa in 1921 and the administration of Walvis Bay was transferred to South West Africa under the [[South West Africa Affairs Act of 1922]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=kKQvAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Civilian+rule%22+ ''Strategic territory and territorial strategy: the geopolitics of Walvis Bay's reintegration into Namibia''], David Simon, Namibian Economic Policy Research Unit, 1995, page 8</ref>

Despite the territory never having been part of [[German South West Africa]], the Act stated that: "the port and settlement of Walvis Bay, which forms part of the Cape of Good Hope, shall for judicial and administrative purposes be regarded as if it were part of the mandated territory of South West Africa".<ref name="geography" /> However, South Africa had also sought to annex South West Africa itself and had presented such a proposal to the League of Nations.<ref name="receuil" /> Consequently, in 1949, the Act was amended to give representation in the [[Parliament of South Africa]] to whites in South West Africa.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=MaU7AQAAMAAJ&q=%22Union+House+of+Assembly%22 ''Official Documents of the 4th Session of the United Nations General Assembly''], United Nations, 1949, page 11</ref>

On 14 December 1971, the [[1971–72 Namibian contract workers strike|Namibian general contract workers]] strike began in Walvis Bay, after starting the day before in [[Windhoek]]. The goal of the strike was the abolition of the contract labour system, to oppose [[apartheid]], and promote Namibia's independence.<ref name="general">{{Cite journal |last=Rogers |first=Barbara |date=1972 |title=Namibia's General Strike |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4185227 |journal=Africa Today |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=3–8 |issn=0001-9887 |jstor=4185227}}</ref>

In 1977, following increasing international pressure to relinquish its control over South West Africa, South Africa repealed the Act, but transferred control of Walvis Bay back to the [[Cape Province]], thereby making it an [[exclave]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=tj8vAAAAYAAJ&q=Walvis+Bay++ ''The Green and the dry wood: The Roman Catholic Church (Vicariate of Windhoek) and the Namibian socio-political situation, 1971-1981''], Oblates of Mary Immaculate, 1983, page 6</ref> From 1980, it was represented in both the [[Cape Provincial Council|Provincial Council]] and the [[House of Assembly of South Africa|House of Assembly]] as part of the [[Green Point, Cape Town|Green Point]] constituency in [[Cape Town]], before becoming a separate constituency in 1982.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=lApBAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Walvis+Bay%22+Green+Point ''Sub-Saharan Africa Report'', Issues 2578-2584], Foreign Broadcast Information Service., 1982, page 48</ref>

In response, the [[United Nations Security Council]] passed [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 432|Resolution 432 (1978)]], which declared that "the territorial integrity and unity of Namibia must be assured through the reintegration of Walvis Bay within its territory".<ref>{{cite web|title=Resolution 432 (1978) of 27 July 1978|url=http://repository.un.org/bitstream/handle/11176/68837/S_RES_432%281978%29-EN.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y|access-date=3 April 2018|website=un.org|archive-date=23 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160223162037/http://repository.un.org/bitstream/handle/11176/68837/S_RES_432%281978%29-EN.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 1990, South West Africa gained independence as [[Namibia]], but Walvis Bay remained under South African sovereignty, with South Africa increasing the number of troops.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160223143423/http://articles.philly.com/1990-01-14/news/25910185_1_swapo-president-sam-nujoma-namibia-daniel-tjongarero Namibia Nears Freedom, But S. Africa Tugs On Its Lifeline], David Zucchino, ''[[The Philadelphia Inquirer]]'', 14 January 1990</ref> However, in 1992, the two countries agreed to establish a transitional Joint Administrative Authority for Walvis Bay and the Offshore Islands.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=qrkvAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Joint+Administrative+Authority%22+ Namibia Yearbook], Issue 3, pages 18</ref> The Authority was headed by two Chief Executive Officers, [[Nangolo Mbumba]], then Secretary to the Namibian Cabinet, and Carl von Hirschberg, former South African Ambassador to the United Nations.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=l2w1AQAAIAAJ&q=%22Carl+von+Hirschberg%22+%22walvis+bay%22 ''Country Report: Botswana, Namibia, Swaziland, Lesotho''], [[Economist Intelligence Unit]], 1992, page 13</ref>

In August 1993, prior to the end of [[apartheid]], the [[Negotiations to end apartheid in South Africa#Multi-Party Negotiating Forum (MPNF)|Multiparty Negotiating Forum]] in South Africa passed a resolution calling for "the incorporation-reintegration of Walvis Bay and the Off-Shore Islands into Namibia."<ref>[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/pretoria-to-quit-walvis-bay-multi-party-bodys-policy-breakthrough-1461805.html Pretoria to quit Walvis Bay: Multi-party body's policy breakthrough], ''[[The Independent]]'', 17 August 1993</ref>
The Transfer of Walvis Bay to Namibia Act was passed by the [[Parliament of South Africa]] that year.<ref>[http://www.parliament.gov.za/live/commonrepository/Processed/20140414/87758_1.pdf No. 203 of 1993: Transfer of Walvis Bay to Namibia Act, 1993.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160223230143/http://www.parliament.gov.za/live/commonrepository/Processed/20140414/87758_1.pdf|date=23 February 2016}}</ref> Following the signing of [[Treaty on Walvis Bay|a treaty]] between the two countries, South Africa formally transferred sovereignty of Walvis Bay and the [[Penguin Islands]] to Namibia on 1 March 1994.<ref>{{cite web|title=Treaty between the Government of the Republic of South Africa and the Government of the Republic of Namibia with respect to Walvis Bay and the off-shore Islands, 28 February 1994|url=https://www.un.org/Depts/los/LEGISLATIONANDTREATIES/PDFFILES/TREATIES/ZAF-NAM1994OI.PDF |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.un.org/Depts/los/LEGISLATIONANDTREATIES/PDFFILES/TREATIES/ZAF-NAM1994OI.PDF |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|access-date=3 April 2018|website=un.org}}</ref>