Editing Vitamin K (section)

==Dietary recommendations==
The US [[National Academy of Medicine]] does not distinguish between K<sub>1</sub> and K<sub>2</sub>&nbsp;– both are counted as vitamin K. When recommendations were last updated in 1998, sufficient information was not available to establish an [[Estimated Average Requirement|estimated average requirement]] or [[Recommended Dietary Allowance|recommended dietary allowance]], terms that exist for most vitamins. In instances such as these, the academy defines [[adequate intake]]s (AIs) as amounts that appear to be sufficient to maintain good health, with the understanding that at some later date, AIs will be replaced by more exact information. The current AIs for adult women and men ages 19 and older are 90 and 120&nbsp;μg/day, respectively, for pregnancy is 90&nbsp;μg/day, and for lactation is 90&nbsp;μg/day. For infants up to 12 months, the AI is 2.0–2.5&nbsp;μg/day; for children ages 1–18 years the AI increases with age from 30 to 75&nbsp;μg/day. As for safety, the academy sets [[tolerable upper intake level]]s (known as "upper limits") for vitamins and minerals when evidence is sufficient. Vitamin K has no upper limit, as human data for adverse effects from high doses are not sufficient.<ref name="DRItext">{{cite book|chapter=Vitamin K|chapter-url=https://www.nap.edu/read/10026/chapter/7 |title=Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc|publisher=National Academy Press|date=2001|pages=162–196|doi=10.17226/10026 |pmid=25057538 |isbn=978-0-309-07279-3 |author1=Institute of Medicine (US) Panel on Micronutrients}}</ref>

In the European Union, adequate intake is defined the same way as in the US. For women and men over age 18 the adequate intake is set at 70&nbsp;μg/day, for pregnancy 70&nbsp;μg/day, and for lactation 70&nbsp;μg/day. For children ages 1–17 years, adequate intake values increase with age from 12 to 65&nbsp;μg/day.<ref name=EFSAAIs>{{cite web | title = Overview on Dietary Reference Values for the EU population as derived by the EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies| year = 2017| url = https://www.efsa.europa.eu/sites/default/files/assets/DRV_Summary_tables_jan_17.pdf}}</ref> Japan set adequate intakes for adult women at 65&nbsp;μg/day and for men at 75&nbsp;μg/day.<ref name=JapanDRI>{{cite journal |vauthors=Sasaki S |title=Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) in Japan |journal=Asia Pac J Clin Nutr |volume=17 |pages=420–444 |date=2008 |issue=Suppl 2 |pmid=18460442}}</ref> The European Union and Japan also reviewed safety and concluded&nbsp;– as had the United States&nbsp;– that there was insufficient evidence to set an upper limit for vitamin K.<ref name=JapanDRI /><ref name=EFSA>{{cite web | title = Tolerable Upper Intake Levels For Vitamins And Minerals| publisher = European Food Safety Authority| year = 2006| url = http://www.efsa.europa.eu/sites/default/files/efsa_rep/blobserver_assets/ndatolerableuil.pdf}}</ref>

For US food and dietary supplement labeling purposes, the amount in a serving is expressed as a percentage of daily value. For vitamin K labeling purposes, 100% of the daily value was 80&nbsp;μg, but on 27 May 2016 it was revised upwards to 120&nbsp;μg, to bring it into agreement with the highest value for adequate intake.<ref name="FedReg">{{cite web|url=https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2016-05-27/pdf/2016-11867.pdf |title=Federal Register May 27, 2016 Food Labeling: Revision of the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels| page=33982}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Daily Value Reference of the Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD) | website=Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD) |url=https://www.dsld.nlm.nih.gov/dsld/dailyvalue.jsp | access-date=16 May 2020 |archive-date=7 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407073956/https://dsld.nlm.nih.gov/dsld/dailyvalue.jsp |url-status=dead}}</ref> Compliance with the updated labeling regulations was required by 1 January 2020 for manufacturers with [[US$]]10&nbsp;million or more in annual food sales, and by 1 January 2021 for manufacturers with lower volume food sales.<ref name="FDAdelay">{{cite web |title=Changes to the Nutrition Facts Label |website=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) |date=27 May 2016 | url=https://www.fda.gov/food/food-labeling-nutrition/changes-nutrition-facts-label |access-date=16 May 2020}} {{PD-notice}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Industry Resources on the Changes to the Nutrition Facts Label |website=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) |date=21 December 2018 | url=https://www.fda.gov/food/food-labeling-nutrition/industry-resources-changes-nutrition-facts-label |access-date=16 May 2020}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> A table of the old and new adult daily values is provided at [[Reference Daily Intake]].

===Fortification===
According to the Global Fortification Data Exchange, vitamin K deficiency is so rare that no countries require that foods be fortified.<ref name=Map>{{cite web|url=https://fortificationdata.org/map-number-of-nutrients/|title=Map: Count of Nutrients in Fortification Standards|website=Global Fortification Data Exchange|access-date=3 September 2019}}</ref> The [[World Health Organization]] does not have recommendations on vitamin K fortification.<ref name=WHOfortif>{{cite web|vauthors=Allen L, de Benoist B, Dary O, Hurrell R, Horton S |url=https://www.who.int/nutrition/publications/guide_food_fortification_micronutrients.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061224150912/http://www.who.int/nutrition/publications/guide_food_fortification_micronutrients.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 December 2006 |title=Guidelines on food fortification with micronutrients |website=World Health Organization (WHO) |date=2006 |access-date=3 September 2019}}</ref>