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Virginia Beach, Virginia
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===Recent history=== [[File:Virginia Beach boardwalk at 29th Street looking north.jpeg|thumb|right|Boardwalk in Virginia Beach]] Real estate, defense, and tourism are major sectors of the Virginia Beach economy. Many local public and private groups have maintained a vested interest in real-estate redevelopment, resulting in a number of joint public-private projects, such as commercial parks. Examples of the public-private development include the Virginia Beach Convention Center, the Oceanfront Hilton Hotel, and the [[Virginia Beach Town Center]]. The city assisted in financing the project through the use of tax increment financing: creating special tax districts and constructing associated street and infrastructure to support the developments. The Town Center opened in 2003, with related construction continuing.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ourcommunitynow.com/news/new-development-going-up-in-virginia-beach-town-center|title=New Development Going up in Virginia Beach Town Center|date=October 25, 2017|website=Our Community Now|access-date=February 12, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.pilotonline.com/government/local/vp-nw-town-center-high-rise-0422-20210422-45aik77t3zdtjiqsp4iheytcsm-story.html|title=An Armada Hoffler company has 3 more years to develop plans to build a high rise in Town Center|last=Skelton|first=Alissa|date=April 22, 2021|website=[[The Virginian-Pilot]]|access-date=February 12, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://hrchamber.com/news/article/nike-rethinks-retail-with-divaris-real-estate-at-virginia-beach-town-center/|title=Nike Rethinks Retail With Divaris Real Estate At Virginia Beach Town Center|date=January 22, 2022|website=Hampton Roads Chamber|access-date=April 11, 2023}}</ref> The Convention Center opened in 2005.<ref name="VBTC Financing">{{cite web|title=Town Center|url=http://vbgov.com/vgn.aspx?vgnextoid=5542340df304c010VgnVCM1000006310640aRCRD&vgnextchannel=c803a9893c5dd010VgnVCM1000006310640aRCRD&vgnextfmt=default|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071120180249/http://vbgov.com/vgn.aspx?vgnextoid=5542340df304c010VgnVCM1000006310640aRCRD&vgnextchannel=c803a9893c5dd010VgnVCM1000006310640aRCRD&vgnextfmt=default|archive-date=November 20, 2007|access-date=March 8, 2007|publisher=City of Virginia Beach}}</ref><ref name="Phase I">{{cite web | url = http://meetingsnet.com/news/meetings_phase_virginia_beach/ | title = Phase I of Virginia Beach Convention Center Set to Open in June | author = Barbara L. Brewer | access-date = March 21, 2008 | publisher = Meetingsnet |url-status=dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081206143510/http://meetingsnet.com/news/meetings_phase_virginia_beach/ | archive-date = December 6, 2008}}</ref> The city has begun to run out of clear land available for new construction north of the Green Line, an [[urban growth boundary]] dividing the urban northern and rural southern sections of the city.<ref name="Green Line">{{cite news|title=Virginia Beach's Green Line: Should the Line Hold?|newspaper=[[The Virginian-Pilot]]|url=http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/VA-news/VA-Pilot/issues/1996/vp960821/08210003.htm|access-date=March 21, 2008|via=scholar.lib.vt.edu}}</ref> Infill and development of residential neighborhoods has placed a number of operating constraints on [[NAS Oceana|Naval Air Station Oceana]], a major fighter jet base for the U.S. Navy. While the airbase enjoys wide support from Virginia Beach at large, the Pentagon [[Base Realignment and Closure]] commission has proposed closure of Oceana within the next decade.<ref name = "BRAC Reaction"/> In 2012 a Navy jet that took off from Oceana experienced engine failure and [[2012 Virginia Beach F/A-18 crash|crashed]] into an apartment complex.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/navy-jet-crashes-in-virginia-beach-neighborhood/2012/04/06/gIQALyFzzS_story.html|title=Navy jet crashes in Virginia Beach neighborhood|last=Branglin|first=William|date=April 6, 2012|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=November 8, 2021}}</ref> This land crunch led to floodplain development. During [[Hurricane Matthew]], the heavy rainfall flooded over 2000 homes and left some neighborhoods with standing water for days.<ref>{{Cite news|url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/matthew-leads-to-power-outages-widespread-flooding-in-se-virginia/2016/10/09/c06c33fc-8e31-11e6-a6a3-d50061aa9fae_story.html|title=Matthew leads to 1 death, power outages in southeast Virginia|last=Duggan|first=Paul|date=October 9, 2016|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=October 9, 2016}}</ref> Given the rising risks of flooding due to [[climate change in Virginia|climate change]] and the impetus of the hurricane damage, the city rejected several further development proposals. This rejection was significant from two perspectives. First, cities reject building very rarely, demonstrating the shift in public perception. Second, these rejections led to lawsuits by the developers. The rejection of these lawsuits in the courts provides precedent for other sorts of local [[climate change adaptation]] efforts in the future. Discussing the matter, Mayor Dyer noted, "It's a confrontation with reality. Not everybody's going to be happy."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Flavelle |first1=Christopher |last2=Schwartz |first2=John |title=As Climate Risk Grows, Cities Test a Tough Strategy: Saying 'No' to Developers |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/19/climate/climate-real-estate-developers.html |newspaper=New York Times |access-date=December 12, 2019 |date=November 19, 2019}}</ref> On May 31, 2019, a [[2019 Virginia Beach shooting|shooting]] occurred at a municipal government building in Virginia Beach. A former employee entered the building and shot indiscriminately, killing 12 people and injuring four others before dying from a gunshot wound fired by responding officers.<ref>{{cite news | date = May 31, 2019 | title = At least 12 dead after disgruntled employee opens fire at Virginia Beach municipal center | url = https://www.cnn.com/2019/05/31/us/virginia-beach-shooting/index.html | publisher = [[CNN]] | access-date = May 31, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/virginia-beach-dewayne-craddock-motive-fbi/2021/06/10/3709d830-ca22-11eb-93fa-9053a95eb9f2_story.html?outputType=amp|title=Virginia Beach mass shooter motivated by 'perceived workplace grievances, 'FBI finds|last=Jamison|first=Peter|date=June 10, 2021|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=June 10, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/lawmaker-laptop-2019-mass-shooter-found-96154127|title=Lawmaker: Laptop of 2019 mass shooter is found|last=Finley|first=Ben|date=January 3, 2023|website=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]|access-date=April 11, 2023}}</ref>
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