Editing Vinkovci (section)

==History==
The area around Vinkovci has been continually inhabited since the [[Neolithic period]]. 

The [[Sopot culture]] eponym site is [[Sopot, Vinkovci|Sopot]], an archeological site near Vinkovci, which was dated to 5480–3790 BC.<ref>{{cite journal | url = https://journals.uair.arizona.edu/index.php/radiocarbon/article/viewFile/4265/3690 | page = 245 | first1 = Bogomil | last1 = Obelić | first2 = Marija | last2 = Krznarić Škrivanko | first3 = Boško | last3 = Marijan | first4 = Ines | last4 = Krajcar Bronić | title = Radiocarbon Dating of Sopot Culture Sites (Late Neolithic) in Eastern Croatia | journal = Radiocarbon | issn =  0033-8222 | publisher = Department of Geosciences, University of Arizona | volume = 46 | number = 1 | year = 2004 | doi = 10.1017/S0033822200039564 | bibcode = 2004Radcb..46..245O | s2cid = 55066031 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

[[Vučedol culture]] finds in Vinkovci, generally dated to 3000–2500&nbsp;BC, include a piece of ceramics dated to 2600&nbsp;BC with an astral calendar, the first one found in Europe that shows the year starting at the dusk of the first day of spring.<ref name="Heritage-Vučedol">{{cite web|publisher=[[Ministry of Culture (Croatia)]]|url=http://www.bastina-slavonija.info/TematskeCjeline.aspx?id=8 |title=Vučedolska kultura|trans-title=Vučedol culture|work= 2009 Izložba Slavonija, Baranja, Srijem |language=hr|access-date=23 November 2021}}</ref>

In the 2nd century, it was made a {{lang|la|[[municipium]]}} (the Roman name for town or city) under [[Hadrian]] and gained the status of {{lang|la|Colonia Aurelia Cibalae}} during the reign of emperor [[Caracalla]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Report on the Situation of Urban Archaeology in Europe |date=1999 |publisher=[[Council of Europe]] |isbn=978-9287136718 |page=54 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3uFdey9AKlUC&pg=PA54 |access-date=2 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vinkovci.hr/f14469/povijest-grada |title=Povijest grada |publisher=City of Vinkovci |language=hr |access-date=25 September 2015 }}</ref> It was the birthplace of Roman emperors [[Valentinian I]] and [[Valens]]. The [[Thermae|Roman thermal bath]] is still preserved underground, along with several other Roman buildings located near the center of today's Vinkovci.<ref>{{cite book |author=Ivana Iskra Janošić |title=Urbanization of Cibalae and development of centers for pottery production |location=Zagreb-Vinkovci |year=2001 |pages=31–33, 147–150 }}</ref> The 4th century [[Battle of Cibalae]], between the armies of [[Constantine the Great]] and [[Licinius]], was fought nearby. A 4th-century [[Vinkovci Treasure]] was discovered in the city in 2012.

In the Middle Ages, Vinkovci was one of the sites of the [[Bijelo Brdo culture]].<ref name="Heritage-Bijelo-Brdo">{{cite web|publisher=[[Ministry of Culture (Croatia)]]|url=http://www.bastina-slavonija.info/TematskeCjeline.aspx?id=21 |title=Bjelobrdska kultura|trans-title=Bijelo Brdo culture|work= 2009 Izložba Slavonija, Baranja, Srijem |language=hr|access-date=23 November 2021}}</ref> The City museum of Vinkovci maintains a survey of thirteen medieval archeological finds in Vinkovci and its surroundings, {{as of|lc=on|2010}}.<ref>{{cite journal | url = https://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=110712 | language = hr | journal = Journal of the Archaeological Museum in Zagreb | volume = 43 | issue = 1 | year = 2010 | title = Pregled novorekognosciranih i reambuliranih srednjovjekovnih lokaliteta na području bivše općine Vinkovci | trans-title = Survey of the recently inspected mediaeval sites in the territory of the former community of Vinkovci | first = Anita | last = Rapan Papeša | pages = 325–351 | publisher = [[Archaeological Museum in Zagreb]] | issn = 1849-1561}}</ref>

From 1526 to 1687 it was part of the [[Ottoman Empire]], administratively located in [[Syrmia|Sirem]] {{lang|ota-Latn|[[sanjak]]|italic=no}} (whose seat was in {{lang|ota-Latn|[[Sremska Mitrovica|Dimitrofça]]}}) within the [[Budin Province, Ottoman Empire|Budin Eyalet]]. It was captured by the [[Habsburg monarchy|Habsburg Empire]] in 1687, which was later confirmed by the [[Treaty of Karlowitz]] in 1699. Until 1918, Vinkovci (named ''Winkowcze'' before 1850)<ref>{{cite book |title=Handbook of Austria and Lombardy-Venetia Cancellations on the Postage Stamp Issues 1850–1864 |author=Edwin Mueller |year=1961 }}</ref> was part of the [[Austrian monarchy]] ([[Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia]] after the [[compromise of 1867]]), in the [[Slavonian Military Frontier]], under the administration of the {{lang|de|Brooder Grenz-Infanterie-Regiment Nr. VII}} until 1881.

[[File:Hungary 1871-72 Sc9.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Kingdom of Hungary stamp canceled with the Hungarian name ''VINKOVCE'' in 1874.]]

In the late 19th and early 20th century, Vinkovci was a district capital in the [[Syrmia County]] of the [[Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia]]. ''Zion'', the first [[Zionism|Zionist]] organisation in the area of modern-day Croatia was established in Vinkovci.<ref name="Bogišić">{{cite book |last=Barišić Bogišić |first=Lidija |page=170 |title=O neslavenskom stanovništvu na vukovarskom području |publisher=Hrvatska sveučilišna naklada  |isbn= 978-953-169-497-1 |date=2022 }}</ref> Following the German-Soviet [[invasion of Poland]], which started [[World War II]] in 1939, one the main escape routes of [[Polish people|Poles]] from [[Occupation of Poland (1939–1945)|occupied Poland]] led through Vinkovci towards [[Trieste]] and then further to [[Franco-Polish Alliance (1921)|Polish-allied]] [[France]], where the [[Polish Army in France (1939–1940)|Polish Army]] was reconstituted to continue the fight against Germany.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Wróbel|first=Janusz|year=2020|title=Odbudowa Armii Polskiej u boku sojuszników (1939–1940)|magazine=Biuletyn IPN|language=pl|publisher=[[Institute of National Remembrance|IPN]]|issue=1–2 (170–171)|page=104|issn=1641-9561}}</ref> From 1941 to 1945, Vinkovci was part of the [[Independent State of Croatia]], whose authorities destroyed the [[Vinkovci Synagogue]] in 1941–42, which was among the largest and the most prestigious synagogues in Croatia. From 17 April 1944 the city was heavily bombed by the Allies due to its important position in transportation.<ref name="Obradov">{{cite web |url=http://www.cpi.hr/download/links/hr/7334.pdf |language=hr, en, de |author=Marica Karakaš |title=Saveznička bombardiranja Srijema u Drugome svjetskom ratu |publisher=Political Science Research Centre |location=Zagreb, Croatia |access-date=2010-08-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522034201/http://www.cpi.hr/download/links/hr/7334.pdf |archive-date=2011-05-22 |url-status=dead }}</ref> On April 13, 1945, as a part of [[Syrmian Front]] offensive, [[Yugoslav Partisans]] launched an offensive to liberate Vinkovci with Partisan units entering the city by 6 p.m. of the same day.<ref name="Maksić & Vidović">{{cite book |author1=Veljko Maksić |author2=Nebojša Vidović |title=Сведоци времена: историјски преглед развоја села Остеова |trans-title=Witnesees of Time: Historical Review of the Development of the Ostrovo Village |page=57-62 |publisher=[[Joint Council of Municipalities]] |isbn= 978-953-8489-02-0 |location=[[Vukovar]] |date=2022}}</ref>

The [[volunteer fire department]] DVD Spačva was founded on 12 July 1960.<ref>{{cite web |date=2022 |first1=Nikola |last1=Jagodin |first2=Vedran |last2=Runjić |title=Popis vatrogasnih organizacija s datumima osnivanja |url=https://mhv.hr/popis-vatrogasnih-organizacija-s-datumima-osnivanja |website=Muzej hrvatskog vatrogastva |archive-date=2023-01-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130104803/https://mhv.hr/popis-vatrogasnih-organizacija-s-datumima-osnivanja |language=hr |trans-title=List of Firefighting Organisations with Date of Founding}}</ref>

The city and its surroundings were gravely impacted by the 1991–95 [[Croatian War of Independence]]. The city was close to the front lines between the forces of Croatia and the [[republic of Serbian Krajina|rebel Serbs]] of [[SAO Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia]], but it managed to avoid the fate of nearby [[Vukovar]], which was besieged in the infamous [[Battle of Vukovar]]. The eastern sections of the town were substantially damaged by shelling, and the nearby village of [[Cerić, Croatia|Cerić]] was almost completely destroyed. The most significant destruction in the town center were the town library, which burned down to the ground, the town court, the Catholic and Orthodox churches (the [[Church of Saints Eusebius and Polion, Vinkovci|Church of Saints Eusebius and Polion]] and the [[Church of Pentecost, Vinkovci|Church of Pentecost]], respectively), both of its hospitals, the town theatre, two cinemas, and a host of businesses and factories. The Church of Pentecost was dynamited by local Croatian forces as retaliation after rebel Serbs forces severely damaged the local Catholic rectory.<ref name="novosti">{{cite news |url=http://www.novossti.com/2011/03/zlo-u-ratu-dobrota-u-miru/ |language=sr |title=Zlo u ratu, dobrota u miru |newspaper=[[Novosti (Croatia)|Novosti]] |issue=585 |date=2012-03-05 |access-date=2012-04-05 }}</ref> In December 1995–96, the Vinkovci rail station served as a rail offloading base for the [[1st Armored Division (United States)|United States Army's 1st Armored Division]] en route to [[Županja]] to cross the Sava River into Bosnia during [[Operation Joint Endeavor]].

The [[Croatian Army]] has stationed the headquarters of its Armored-Mechanized Guard Brigade at Vinkovci barracks. The current brigade was formed in 2007 and it incorporated two former guards brigades (3rd and 5th) as well as several other units formed in the 1990s during the [[Croatian War of Independence|war of independence]].