Editing Vienna (section)

== History==

{{Main|History of Vienna}}
{{For timeline}}
{{Quote box
| title = Historical affiliations
| quote = [[File:Flag of Austria (1-1).svg|16px]] [[Duchy of Austria]] 1156–1453<br />
[[File:Flag of Austria (Pantone).svg|24px]] [[Archduchy of Austria]] 1453–1485<br />
[[File:Flag of Matthias I of Hungary (variant).svg|24px]] [[Kingdom of Hungary (1301–1526)|Kingdom of Hungary]] 1485–1490<br />
[[File:Flag of Austria (Pantone).svg|24px]] [[Archduchy of Austria]] 1490–1804<br />
{{flag|Austrian Empire}} 1804–1867<br />
{{flag|Austria-Hungary}} 1867–1918<br />
{{flag|First Austrian Republic}} 1919–1934<br />
{{flag|Federal State of Austria}} 1934–1938<br />
{{flag|Nazi Germany}} 1938–1945<br />
[[File:Flag of Austria (Pantone).svg|24px]] [[Allied-occupied Austria]] 1945–1955<br />
{{flagcountry|Austria}} 1955–present
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| fontsize = 90%
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=== Roman period===
{{Main|Vindobona}}
In the 1st century, the [[Roman Empire|Romans]] set up the [[Castra|military camp]] of [[Vindobona]] in [[Pannonia]] on the site of today's Vienna city center near the Danube with an adjoining civilian town to secure the [[borders of the Roman Empire]]. Construction of the legionary camp began around 97 AD. At its peak, Vindobona had a population of around 15,000 people. It was a part of a trade and communications network across the Empire. Roman emperor [[Marcus Aurelius]] may have died here in 180 AD during a campaign against the [[Marcomanni]].

After a Germanic invasion in the second century the city was rebuilt. It served as a seat of the Roman government until the fifth century, when the population fled due to the [[Huns]] invasion of Pannonia. The city was abandoned for several centuries.

Evidence of the Romans in the city is plentiful. Remains of the military camp have been found under the city, as well as fragments of the [[List of Roman canals|canal system]] and figurines.

=== Middle Ages ===
Close ties with other Celtic peoples continued through the ages. The Irish monk [[Coloman of Stockerau|Saint Colman]] (or Koloman, Irish ''Colmán'', derived from ''colm'' "dove") is buried in Melk Abbey and [[Saint Fergil]] (Virgil the Geometer) served as Bishop of Salzburg for forty years. Irish Benedictines founded twelfth-century monastic settlements; evidence of these ties persists in the form of Vienna's great [[Schottenstift]] monastery (Scots Abbey), once home to many Irish monks.
In 976, [[Leopold I, Margrave of Austria|Leopold I of Babenberg]] became count of the [[Bavarian Ostmark|Eastern March]], a district centered on the Danube on the eastern frontier of [[Duchy of Bavaria|Bavaria]]. This initial district grew into the [[List of rulers of Austria|duchy of Austria]]. Each succeeding Babenberg ruler expanded the march east along the Danube, eventually encompassing Vienna and the lands immediately east. In 1155, [[Henry II, Duke of Austria]] moved the Babenberg family residence with the founding of the [[Schottenstift]] from [[Klosterneuburg]] in Lower Austria to Vienna.<ref name="y233">{{cite book |last1=Loinig |first1=Elisabeth |last2=Eminger |first2=Stefan |last3=Weigl |first3=Andreas |title=Wien und Niederösterreich - eine untrennbare Beziehung? |publisher=Verlag NÖ Institut für Landeskunde |publication-place=St. Pölten |date=2017 |isbn=978-3-903127-07-4 |language=de |page= }}</ref> From that time, Vienna remained the center of the Babenberg dynasty.<ref>{{cite book |last=Lingelbach |first=William E. |title=The History of Nations: Austria-Hungary |publisher=P. F. Collier & Son Company |location=New York |year=1913 |pages=91–92 |asin=B000L3E368 }}</ref> [[Hungary]] occupied the city between 1485 and 1490.[[File:Nuremberg chronicles f 098v99r 1.png|left|thumb|Depiction of Vienna in the ''[[Nuremberg Chronicle]]'', 1493]]Vienna became at the turn to the 16th century the seat of the [[Aulic Council]]<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Pihlajamäki |first1=Heikki |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dg5jDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT762 |title=The Oxford Handbook of European Legal History |last2=Dubber |first2=Markus D. |last3=Godfrey |first3=Mark |date=4 July 2018 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-1910-8838-4 |page=762 |access-date=6 February 2022 |language=en |archive-date=30 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930055612/https://books.google.com/books?id=dg5jDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT762#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> and subsequently later in the 16th century of the [[Habsburg]] emperors of the [[Holy Roman Empire]] with an interruption between at the turn to the 17th century until 1806, becoming an important center in the empire.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Schmitt |first=Oliver Jens |title=Herrschaft und Politik in Südosteuropa von 1300 bis 1800 |date=5 July 2021 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG |isbn=978-3-1107-4443-9 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=mV48EAAAQBAJ&pg=PT659 659] |language=de }}</ref>

In the 16th and 17th centuries, Christian forces twice stopped [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] armies outside Vienna, in the 1529 [[Siege of Vienna (1529)|siege of Vienna]] and the 1683 [[Battle of Vienna]]. The [[Great Plague of Vienna]] ravaged the city in 1679, killing nearly a third of its population.<ref>{{cite book |last=Spielman |first=John Philip |title=The city & the crown: Vienna and the imperial court, 1600–1740 |publisher=Purdue University Press |location=West Lafayette, Indiana |year=1993 |isbn=1-55753-021-1 |page=141 }}</ref>
[[File:Canaletto (I) 058.jpg|thumb|''Vienna from Belvedere,'' a 1758 portrait by [[Bernardo Bellotto]]]]

=== Austrian Empire and early 20th century===
{{Further|Austrian Empire}}
In 1804, during the [[Napoleonic Wars]], Vienna became the capital of the newly formed [[Austrian Empire]]. The city continued to play a major role in European and world politics, including hosting the [[Congress of Vienna]] in 1814–15. The city also saw major uprisings against Habsburg rule in [[Revolutions of 1848 in the Austrian Empire|1848]], which were suppressed. After the [[Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867]], Vienna remained the capital of what became the [[Austro-Hungarian Empire]]. The city functioned as a center of classical music, for which the title of the [[First Viennese School]] (Haydn/Mozart/Beethoven) is sometimes applied.[[File:Rudolf von Alt-Opera Crossroads in Vienna.jpg|thumb|''Ringstraße'' and the State Opera around 1870|left]]During the latter half of the 19th century, Vienna developed what had previously been the [[bastion]]s and [[glacis]] into the ''[[Ringstraße]]'', a new [[boulevard]] surrounding the historical town and a major prestige project. Former suburbs were incorporated, and the city of Vienna grew dramatically. In 1918, after [[World War I]], Vienna became the capital of the [[Republic of German-Austria]], and then in 1919 of the [[First Republic of Austria]].

From the late-19th century to 1938, the city remained a center of high culture and of [[modernism]]. A world capital of music, Vienna played host to composers such as [[Johannes Brahms]], [[Anton Bruckner]], [[Gustav Mahler]], and [[Richard Strauss]].
The city's cultural contributions in the first half of the 20th century included, among many, the [[Vienna Secession]] movement in art, the [[Second Viennese School]], the architecture of [[Adolf Loos]], the philosophy of [[Ludwig Wittgenstein]], and the [[Vienna Circle]].

===Red Vienna===
[[File:Karl Marx Hof.jpg|thumb|[[Karl-Marx-Hof]], a ''[[Gemeindebau]]'' building and a symbol of [[Red Vienna]]]]
{{Main|Red Vienna}}
The city of Vienna became the center of [[socialist]] politics from 1919 to 1934, a period referred to as [[Red Vienna]] (''Das rote Wien''). After a new breed of socialist politicians won the local elections they engaged in a brief but ambitious municipal experiment.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Richard Cockett |title=Vienna: How the City of Ideas Created the Modern World |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2023 |page=71 |isbn=9780300266535 }}</ref> Social democrats had won an absolute majority in the May 1919 municipal election and commanded the city council with 100 of the 165 seats. [[Jakob Reumann]] was appointed by the city council as city mayor.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Richard Cockett |title=Vienna: How the City of Ideas Created the Modern World |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2023 |page=77 |isbn=9780300266535 }}</ref> The theoretical foundations of so-called [[Austromarxism]] were established by [[Otto Bauer]], [[Karl Renner]], and [[Max Adler (Marxist)|Max Adler]].<ref>{{cite book |author1=Richard Cockett |title=Vienna: How the City of Ideas Created the Modern World |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2023 |page=78 |isbn=9780300266535 }}</ref>

Red Vienna is perhaps most well known for its ''[[Gemeindebauten]]'', public housing buildings. Between 1925 and 1934, over 60,000 new apartments were built in the Gemeindebauten. Apartments were assigned on the basis of a point system favoring families and less affluent citizens.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wiener Wohnen - Gemeindewohnungen |url=https://www.wienerwohnen.at/wiener-gemeindebau/geschichte.html |access-date=12 September 2024 |website=wiener-wohnen.at |language=de |archive-date=12 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240912115136/https://www.wienerwohnen.at/wiener-gemeindebau/geschichte.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== July Revolt and Civil War ===
[[File:Gerlach justizpalastbrand 2.jpg|left|thumb|The Palace of Justice burning, 1927]]
In [[July Revolt of 1927|July 1927]], after three nationalist far-right paramilitary members were acquitted of the killing of two social democratic ''[[Republikanischer Schutzbund]]'' members, a riot broke out in the city. The protestors, enraged by the decision, set the [[Palace of Justice, Vienna|Palace of Justice]] ablaze. The police attempted to end the revolt with force and killed at least 84 protestors, with 5 policemen also dying.<ref>{{Cite web |title=30 January 1927 - prologue of a fateful day |url=https://www.wien.gv.at/english/history/commemoration/justice-palace.html |access-date=12 September 2024 |website=www.wien.gv.at |language=en |archive-date=18 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718062420/https://www.wien.gv.at/english/history/commemoration/justice-palace.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1933, right-wing Chancellor [[Engelbert Dollfuss]] [[Self-elimination of the Austrian Parliament|dissolved the parliament]], essentially letting him run the country as a [[Federal State of Austria|dictatorship]], banned the [[Communist Party of Austria|Communist Party]] and severely limited the influence of the [[Social Democratic Party of Austria|Social Democratic Party]]. This led to a [[Austrian Civil War|civil war]] between the right-wing government and socialist forces the following year, which started in [[Linz]] and quickly spread to Vienna. Socialist members of the ''[[Republikanischer Schutzbund]]'' barricaded themselves inside the housing estates and exchanged fire with the police and paramilitary groups. The fighting in Vienna ended after the [[Austrian Armed Forces]] shelled the [[Karl-Marx-Hof]], a civilian housing estate, and the ''Schutzbund'' surrendered.<ref>{{Cite web |title=February 1934 - Austrians take up Arms |website=www.wien.gv.at |url=https://www.wien.gv.at/english/history/commemoration/february-1934.html |access-date=12 September 2024 |language=en |archive-date=30 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930055620/https://www.wien.gv.at/english/history/commemoration/february-1934.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Anschluss and World War II===
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1972-028-14, Anschluss Österreich.jpg|thumb|Crowds greet [[Chancellor of Germany|German Chancellor]] [[Adolf Hitler]] as he rides in an open car in Vienna following the March 1938 [[Anschluss|annexation of Austria]] by [[Nazi Germany]]]]
{{Main|Anschluss}}
On 15 March 1938, three days after German troops had first entered Austria, [[Adolf Hitler]] arrived in Vienna. 200,000 Austrians greeted him at the [[Heldenplatz]], where he held a speech from a balcony in the Neue Burg, in which he announced that Austria would be absorbed into [[Nazi Germany]]. The persecution of [[History of the Jews in Austria|Jews]] started almost immediately, Viennese Jews were harassed and hounded, their homes and businesses plundered. Some were forced to scrub pro-independence slogans off the streets. This culminated in the [[Kristallnacht]], a nationwide [[pogrom]] against the Jews carried out by the [[Schutzstaffel]] and the [[Sturmabteilung]], with support of the [[Hitler Youth]] and German civilians. All [[synagogue]]s and prayer houses in the city were destroyed, bar the [[Stadttempel]], due to its proximity to residential buildings.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Erlanger |first1=Steven |title=Vienna Skewered as a Nazi-Era Pillager of Its Jews |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/03/07/world/vienna-skewered-as-a-nazi-era-pillager-of-its-jews.html |work=The New York Times |access-date=11 May 2017 |date=7 March 2002 |url-status=live |archive-date=2 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702054818/https://www.nytimes.com/2002/03/07/world/vienna-skewered-as-a-nazi-era-pillager-of-its-jews.html }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Expulsion, Deportation to concentration camps and mass murder – History of the Jews in Vienna From racist mania to genocide |url=https://www.wien.gv.at/english/culture/jewishvienna/history/nationalsocialism.html |access-date=11 May 2017 |work=wien.gv.at |quote=The entry of Hitler's army into Austria in March 1938 triggered unprecedented suffering and hardship for Vienna's Jews. Grave acts of violence against the Jewish population began to proliferate. |archive-date=20 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320223715/https://www.wien.gv.at/english/culture/jewishvienna/history/nationalsocialism.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Vienna lost its status as a capital to [[Berlin]], as Austria had ceased to exist. The few [[Austrian resistance|resistors]] in the city were arrested.

[[Adolf Eichmann]] held office in the expropriated Palais Rothschild and organized the expropriation and persecution of the Jews. Of the almost 200,000 Jews in Vienna, around 120,000 were driven to emigrate and around 65,000 were killed. After the end of the war, the Jewish population of Vienna was only about 5,000.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.doew.at/erkennen/ausstellung/1938/die-verfolgung-der-oesterreichischen-juden |title=DÖW – Erkennen – Ausstellung – 1938 – Die Verfolgung der österreichischen Juden |website=www.doew.at |access-date=3 February 2021 |archive-date=6 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706103854/https://www.doew.at/erkennen/ausstellung/1938/die-verfolgung-der-oesterreichischen-juden |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.xn--jdische-gemeinden-22b.de/index.php/gemeinden/u-z/2087-wien-oesterreich |title=Jüdische Gemeinde – Wien (Österreich) |website=www.xn—jdische-gemeinden-22b.de |access-date=3 February 2021 |archive-date=10 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220610035119/https://www.xn--jdische-gemeinden-22b.de/index.php/gemeinden/u-z/2087-wien-oesterreich |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.wien.gv.at/english/culture/jewishvienna/ |title=Jewish Vienna |website=www.wien.gv.at |access-date=11 May 2017 |archive-date=19 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220619120020/https://www.wien.gv.at/english/culture/jewishvienna/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.zeit.de/2018/11/nationalsozialismus-oesterreich-anschluss-antisemitismus-adolf-eichmann/komplettansicht |title=Hitlers willige Vasallen |newspaper=Die Zeit |date=12 March 2018 |access-date=3 February 2021 |archive-date=5 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220505105703/https://www.zeit.de/2018/11/nationalsozialismus-oesterreich-anschluss-antisemitismus-adolf-eichmann/komplettansicht |url-status=live |last1=Riedl |first1=Joachim }}</ref>
[[File:Rachel whitereadwien holocaust mahnmal wien judenplatz.jpg|thumb|The [[Judenplatz Holocaust Memorial]].|left]]
In 1942 the city suffered its first [[Bombing of Vienna in World War II|air raid]], carried out by the [[Soviet Air Forces|Soviet air force]]. Only after the [[Allied invasion of Italy|Allies had taken Italy]] did the next raids commence. From 17 March 1944, 51 air raids were carried out in Vienna. Targets of the bombings were primarily the city's [[Oil refinery|oil refineries]]. However, around a third of the city center was destroyed, and culturally important buildings such as the State Opera and the Burgtheater were burned, and the Albertina was heavily damaged. These air raids lasted until March 1945, just before the Soviet troops started the [[Vienna offensive]].

The [[Red Army]], who had previously [[Budapest offensive|marched through Hungary]], first entered Vienna on 6 April. They first attacked the eastern and southern suburbs, before moving on to the western suburbs. By the 8th they had the center of the city surrounded. The following day the Soviets started with the infiltration of the city center. Fighting continued for a few more days until the [[Soviet Navy]]’s [[Danube Flotilla (Soviet Union)|Danube Flotilla]] naval force arrived with reinforcements. The remaining defending soldiers surrendered that same day.
[[File:Vienna Operations.jpg|thumb|Soviet soldiers entering Vienna in Spring 1945]]

=== Four-power Vienna===
[[File:Wien Besatzungszonen.png|thumb|[[Allied-occupied Austria|Allied-occupied]] zones between 1945 and 1955 following [[World War II]]|left]]
{{further|Allied-occupied Austria}}
After the war, Vienna was part of [[Allied-occupied Austria|Soviet-occupied Eastern Austria]] until September 1945. That month, Vienna was divided into sectors by the four powers: the US, the UK, France, and the [[Soviet Union]] and supervised by an [[Allied Commission]]. The four-power occupation of Vienna differed in one key respect from that of Berlin: the central area of the city, known as the first district, constituted an ''international zone'' in which the four powers alternated control on a monthly basis. The city was policed by the four powers on a day-to-day basis using the "four soldiers in a jeep" method, which had one soldier from each nation sitting together. The four powers all had separate headquarters, the Soviets in [[Palais Epstein]] next to the Parliament, the French in Hotel Kummer on Mariahilferstraße, the Americans in the [[Oesterreichische Nationalbank|National Bank]], and the British in [[Schönbrunn Palace|Schönnbrunn Palace]]. The division of the city was not comparable to that of [[Berlin Wall|Berlin]]. Although the borders between the sectors were marked, travel between them was freely possible.

During the ten years of the four-power occupation, Vienna was a hotbed for international espionage between the [[Western Bloc|Western]] and [[Eastern bloc]]s, which deeply distrusted each other. The city experienced an economic upturn due to the [[Marshall Plan]].

The atmosphere of four-power Vienna is the background for [[Graham Greene]]'s screenplay for the film ''[[The Third Man]]'' (1949). The film's [[theme music]] was composed and performed by Viennese musician [[Anton Karas]] using a [[zither]]. Later he adapted the screenplay as a novel and published it. Occupied Vienna is also depicted in the 1991 [[Philip Kerr]] novel, ''[[A German Requiem (novel)|A German Requiem]]''.

=== Austrian State Treaty and subsequent sovereignty ===
[[File:Graben, szemben a Pestisoszlop. Fortepan 58901.jpg|thumb|The [[Graben, Vienna|Graben]] in 1966]]
{{Main|Austrian State Treaty}}
The four-power control of Vienna lasted until the [[Austrian State Treaty]] was signed in May 1955 and came into force on 27 July 1955. By October, all soldiers had left the country. That year, after years of reconstruction and restoration, the [[Vienna State Opera|State Opera]] and the [[Burgtheater]], both on the ''Ringstraße'' reopened to the public.

In the Autumn of 1956, Vienna accepted many Hungarian [[refugee]]s, who had fled Hungary after an [[Hungarian Revolution of 1956|attempted revolution]]. The city experienced another wave of refugees after the [[Prague Spring]] in [[Czechoslovakia]] in 1968, as well as after the [[Breakup of Yugoslavia|collapse of Yugoslavia]] in 1991.

In 1972 the construction of the ''[[Donauinsel]] and'' the excavation of the [[New Danube]] began. In the same decade, [[Chancellor of Austria|Austrian Chancellor]] [[Bruno Kreisky]] inaugurated the [[Vienna International Center|Vienna International Centre]], a new area of the city created to host international institutions. Vienna has regained much of its former international stature by hosting international organisations, such as the United Nations.