Editing Venona project (section)

===Commencement===
[[File:GeneGrabeel.jpg|thumb|[[Gene Grabeel]], the first [[cryptanalyst]] of the Venona project<ref>{{cite web|title=Remembrances of Venona |first=William P.|last=Crowell |url=http://www.nsa.gov/public_info/declass/venona/remembrances.shtml|publisher=nsa.gov|date=11 July 1995 |access-date=7 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305204040/https://www.nsa.gov/public_info/declass/venona/remembrances.shtml|archive-date=5 March 2016}}</ref>]]

The VENONA<ref name="cia.gov/csi/books/venona/preface">{{cite web |title=Venona: Soviet Espionage and the American Response, 1939-1957 |website=[[CIA]] |url=http://www.cia.gov/csi/books/venona/preface.htm |access-date=8 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000816212523/http://www.cia.gov/csi/books/venona/preface.htm |archive-date=16 August 2000 |quote=Meredith Gardner kept his British counterpart abreast of developments, and from 1948 on there was complete and profitable US-UK cooperation on the problem. The control term "Venona" did not appear on the translated messages until 1961. In the beginning the information was usually called the "Gardner material," and a formal control term "Bride" was finally affixed in 1950. From the late 1950s to 1961 the control term was "Drug".}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Benson|2001|p=59}}: "VENONA was the final NSA codeword for this very secret program. Earlier codewords had been JADE, BRIDE, and DRUG."</ref> Project was initiated on February 1, 1943, by [[Gene Grabeel]],{{sfn|Benson|2001|p=1}} an American mathematician and [[Cryptanalysis|cryptanalyst]], under orders from Colonel [[Carter W. Clarke]], Chief of Special Branch of the [[Military Intelligence Service (United States)|Military Intelligence Service]] at that time.<ref name=Gilbert1993>{{cite book|title=U.S. Army Signals Intelligence in World War II: a documentary history |chapter=Accepting the challenge|page=48 |publisher=[[United States Army Center of Military History]]|location=Washington, DC |year=1993|isbn=978-0-16-037816-4|editor-last=Gilbert |editor-first=James Leslie|editor2-last=Finnegan|editor2-first=John Patrick}}</ref> Clarke distrusted [[Joseph Stalin]], and feared that the Soviet Union would sign a [[separate peace]] with [[Nazi Germany]], allowing Germany to focus its military forces against the United Kingdom and the United States.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://www.nytimes.com/books/first/h/haynes-venona.html |author=John Earl Haynes |author2=Harvey Klehr |year=1999 |publisher=Yale University Press |chapter=Venona |title=Venona – Decoding Soviet Espionage in America |via=[[The New York Times]] Books |access-date=2014-02-15}}</ref> Cryptanalysts of the US Army's Signal Intelligence Service at [[Arlington Hall]] analyzed encrypted high-level Soviet diplomatic intelligence messages intercepted in large volumes during and immediately after World War II by American, British, and Australian listening posts.{{sfn|Modin|1994|p=194}} [[Frank Rowlett]] was one of the project leaders.{{sfn|Vogel |2019|p=19}}