Editing Venice (section)

=== Origins ===
{{Sidebar timeline
| title    = Timeline of Venice: historical affiliations
| years1   = 421–476
| events1  = {{Noflag|[[Western Roman Empire]]}}
| years2   = 476–493
| events2  = {{Noflag|[[Odoacer|Kingdom of Odoacer]]}}
| years3   = 493–553
| events3  = {{Noflag|[[Ostrogothic Kingdom]]}}
| years4   = 553–584
| events4  = {{Noflag|[[Eastern Roman Empire]]}}
| years5   = 584–697
| events5  = {{Noflag|[[Byzantine Empire]]}} ([[Exarchate of Ravenna]])
| years6   = 697–1797
| events6  = {{flagicon image|Flag of Republic of Venice (1659-1675).svg}} [[Republic of Venice]]
| years7   = 1797–1805
| events7  = {{flagicon image|Banner of the Holy Roman Emperor without haloes (1400-1806).svg}} [[Habsburg monarchy]]
| years8   = 1805–1814
| events8  = {{flagicon image|Flag of the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy.svg}} [[Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)|Kingdom of Italy]]
| years9   = 1815–1848
| events9  = {{flagicon image|Flag of the Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia.svg}} [[Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia]]
| years10  = 1848–1849
| events10 = {{flagicon image|Flag of the Republic of San Marco.svg}} [[Republic of San Marco]]
| years11  = 1849–1866
| events11 = {{flagicon image|Flag of the Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia.svg}} [[Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia]]
| years12  = 1866–1943
| events12 = {{flagicon image|Flag of Italy (1861-1946) crowned.svg}} [[Kingdom of Italy]]
| years13  = 1943–1945
| events13 = {{flag|Italian Social Republic}}
| years14  = 1946–present
| events14 = {{flag|Italy}}
}}

Although no surviving historical records deal directly with the founding or building of Venice,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Zeno |first=Apostolo |author-link=Apostolo Zeno |date=1847 |title=Compendio della storia Veneta di Apostolo Zeno continuata fino alla caduta della repubblica |trans-title=Compendium of the Venetian history of Apostolo Zeno which continued until the fall of the republic |language=it |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bSdiAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA9 |publisher=Bonvecchiato |page=9 |quote=Imperciocchè nascendo i principati |trans-quote=Because principalities are born}}</ref> tradition and the available evidence have led several historians to agree that the original population of Venice consisted of refugees – from nearby [[Ancient Rome|Roman cities]] such as Patavium ([[Padua]]), [[Aquileia]], Tarvisium ([[Treviso]]), [[Altinum]], and Concordia (modern [[Portogruaro]]), as well as from the undefended countryside – who were fleeing successive waves of [[Germanic peoples|Germanic]] and [[Huns|Hun]] invasions.<ref>Bosio, ''Le origini di Venezia''</ref> This is further supported by the documentation on the so-called "apostolic families", the twelve founding families of Venice who elected the first [[Doge (title)|doge]], who in most cases trace their lineage back to Roman families.<ref>{{cite book |title=L'Origine e discendenza delle famiglie patrizie |last=Barbaro |first=Marco}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Il Campidoglio veneto |last=Cappellari Vivaro |first=Girolamo Alessandro |year=1740}}</ref> Some late Roman sources reveal the existence of fishermen, on the islands in the original marshy lagoons, who were referred to as ''incolae lacunae'' ("lagoon dwellers"). The traditional founding is identified with the dedication of the first church, that of [[San Giacomo di Rialto|San Giacomo]] on the islet of [[Rialto]] (''Rivoalto'', "High Shore")—said to have taken place at the stroke of noon on 25 March 421 (the [[Feast of the Annunciation]]).<ref>Zeno, ''Compendio'' 1847:10.</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Trudy Ring |author2=Robert M. Salkin |author3=Sharon La Boda |title=International Dictionary of Historic Places: Southern Europe |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=74JI2UlcU8AC&pg=PA745 |access-date=24 March 2011 |date=1 January 1996 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-884964-02-2 |page=745}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Burckhardt |first=Jacob |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/23255316 |title=The civilization of the Renaissance in Italy |date=1990 |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=0-14-044534-X |location=London, England |oclc=23255316}}</ref>

[[File:Képes krónika - 15.oldal - Velence megalapítása.jpg|alt=Chronicon Pictum, Italians, Aquileia, Venice, city, refugees, boat, sea, medieval, chronicle, book, illumination, illustration, history|thumb|The foundation of Venice as depicted in the [[Chronicon Pictum]] in 1358. According to the Hungarian chronicle, King [[Attila]] of the [[Huns]] besieged [[Aquileia]], the inhabitants of the city first fled to a sea island and then founded Venice on the island of Rialto.|left]]

Beginning as early as AD&nbsp;166–168, the [[Quadi]] and [[Marcomanni]] destroyed the main Roman town in the area, present-day [[Oderzo]]. This part of [[Roman Italy]] was again overrun in the early 5th century by the [[Visigoths]] and, some 50&nbsp;years later, by the Huns led by [[Attila]]. The last and most enduring immigration into the north of the Italian peninsula, that of the [[Lombards]] in 568, left the [[Eastern Roman Empire]] only a small strip of coastline in the current Veneto, including Venice. The Roman/Byzantine territory was organized as the [[Exarchate of Ravenna]], administered from that ancient port and overseen by a viceroy (the [[Exarch]]) appointed by the Emperor in [[Constantinople]]. Ravenna and Venice were connected by just sea routes, and with the Venetians' isolation came increasing autonomy. New ports were built, including those at [[Malamocco]] and [[Torcello]] in the Venetian lagoon. The ''tribuni maiores'' formed the earliest central standing governing committee of the islands in the lagoon, dating from {{Circa|568}}.<ref group="note">Traditional date as given in William J. Langer, ed. ''An Encyclopedia of World History''.</ref>

The traditional first [[doge of Venice]], [[Paolo Lucio Anafesto]] (Anafestus Paulicius), was elected in 697, as written in the [[Chronicon Venetum et Gradense|oldest chronicle]] by [[John, deacon of Venice]] {{Circa|1008}}. Some modern historians claim Paolo Lucio Anafesto was actually the [[Paul (exarch)|Exarch Paul]], and Paul's successor, [[Marcello Tegalliano]], was Paul's ''[[magister militum]]'' (or "general"), literally "master of soldiers". In 726 the soldiers and citizens of the exarchate rose in a rebellion over the [[iconoclastic controversy]], at the urging of [[Pope Gregory II]]. The exarch, held responsible for the acts of his master, Byzantine Emperor [[Leo III the Isaurian|Leo III]], was murdered, and many officials were put to flight in the chaos. At about this time, the people of the lagoon elected their own independent leader for the first time, although the relationship of this to the uprisings is not clear. [[Orso Ipato|Ursus]] was the first of 117 "doges" (''doge'' is the [[Venetian language|Venetian dialectal]] equivalent of the Latin ''[[dux]]'' ("leader"); the corresponding word in English is [[duke]], in standard Italian ''duca'' (see also "[[duce]]".) Whatever his original views, Ursus supported Emperor Leo III's successful military expedition to recover Ravenna, sending both men and ships. In recognition of this, Venice was "granted numerous privileges and concessions" and Ursus, who had personally taken the field, was confirmed by Leo as ''dux''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Norwich |first=John Julius |author-link=John Julius Norwich |date=1982 |title=A History of Venice |title-link=A History of Venice |location=New York |publisher=[[Alfred A. Knopf]] |page=13}}</ref> and given the added title of ''[[hypatus]]'' (from the Greek for "[[consul]]").<ref>Alethea Wiel (1995)[1898]. ''A History of Venice'', pp.&nbsp;26–27. New York: Barnes & Noble (reprint orig. 1898 London).</ref>

In 751, the [[Lombards|Lombard]] King [[Aistulf]] conquered most of the [[Exarchate of Ravenna]], leaving Venice a lonely and increasingly autonomous Byzantine outpost. During this period, the seat of the local Byzantine governor (the "duke/dux", later "doge"), was at Malamocco. Settlement on the islands in the lagoon probably increased with the Lombard conquest of other Byzantine territories, as refugees sought asylum in the area. In 775/6, the [[bishop|episcopal]] seat of Olivolo ([[San Pietro di Castello]]) was created. During the reign of duke [[Agnello Particiaco]] (811–827) the ducal seat moved from Malamocco to the more protected Rialto, within present-day Venice. The monastery of [[Pope Zachary|St Zachary]] and the first [[Doge's Palace, Venice|ducal palace]] and [[basilica of St. Mark]], as well as a walled defense (''civitatis murus'') between Olivolo and Rialto, were subsequently built here.

[[Charlemagne]] sought to subdue the city to his rule. He ordered the pope to expel the Venetians from the [[Pentapolis]] along the Adriatic coast;<ref>Langer</ref> Charlemagne's own son [[Pepin of Italy]], king of the Lombards, under the authority of his father, embarked on a siege of Venice itself. This, however, proved a costly failure. The siege lasted six months, with Pepin's army ravaged by the diseases of the local swamps and eventually forced to withdraw in 810. A few months later, Pepin himself died, apparently as a result of a disease contracted there. In the aftermath, an agreement between Charlemagne and the Byzantine Emperor [[Nikephoros I Logothetes|Nicephorus]] in 814 recognized Venice as Byzantine territory, and granted the city trading rights along the Adriatic coast.

In 828 the new city's prestige increased with the acquisition, from [[Alexandria]], of relics claimed to be of [[St Mark the Evangelist]]; these were placed in the new basilica. Winged lions – visible throughout Venice – are the [[Symbols of the Evangelists|emblem of St Mark]]. The patriarchal seat was also moved to Rialto. As the community continued to develop, and as Byzantine power waned, its own autonomy grew, leading to eventual independence.<ref>{{cite book |title=Venice: A New History |first=Thomas F. |last=Madden |date=2012 |page= |publisher=Penguin Publishing Group |isbn=9781101601136}}</ref>