Editing Vascular plant (section)

==Phylogeny==
A proposed phylogeny of the vascular plants after Kenrick and Crane 1997<ref name="Kenrick-1997">{{cite book|last1=Kenrick |first1=Paul |first2=Peter R. |last2=Crane |date=1997 |title=The Origin and Early Diversification of Land Plants: A Cladistic Study |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=Smithsonian Institution Press |isbn=1-56098-730-8}}</ref> is as follows, with modification to the gymnosperms from Christenhusz ''et al.'' (2011a),<ref name="Christenhusz-2011a">{{cite journal |last1=Christenhusz |first1=Maarten J. M. |last2=Reveal |first2=James L. |last3=Farjon |first3=Aljos |last4=Gardner |first4=Martin F. |last5=Mill |first5=R.R. |last6=Chase |first6=Mark W. |year=2011 |title=A new classification and linear sequence of extant gymnosperms |journal=Phytotaxa |volume=19 |pages=55–70 |doi=10.11646/phytotaxa.19.1.3 }}</ref> Pteridophyta from Smith ''et al.''<ref name="Smith-2006">{{cite journal |last1=Smith |first1=Alan R. |last2=Pryer |first2=Kathleen M. |last3=Schuettpelz |first3=E. |last4=Korall |first4=P. |last5=Schneider |first5=H. |last6=Wolf |first6=Paul G. |year=2006 |title=A classification for extant ferns |journal=Taxon |volume=55 |issue=3 |pages=705–731 |doi=10.2307/25065646 |jstor=25065646 }}</ref> and lycophytes and ferns by Christenhusz ''et al.'' (2011b) <ref name="Christenhusz-2011b">{{cite journal |last1=Christenhusz |first1=Maarten J. M. |last2=Zhang|first2=Xian-Chun |last3=Schneider |first3=Harald |year=2011 |title=A linear sequence of extant families and genera of lycophytes and ferns |journal=Phytotaxa |volume=19 |pages=7–54 |doi=10.11646/phytotaxa.19.1.2 }}</ref> The cladogram distinguishes the [[rhyniophyte]]s from the "true" tracheophytes, the eutracheophytes.<ref name="Kenrick-1997"/>

{{Barlabel|size=17|at1=13.5|bar1=green|style=font-size:75%;line-height:75%|label1=[[Gymnosperms]]|cladogram={{clade
|label1=[[Polysporangiophyte|Polysporangiates]]
|1={{clade
 |1=†''[[Aglaophyton]]''
 |2=†[[Horneophytopsida]]
 |3={{clade
  |label1='''Tracheophyta'''
  |1={{clade
   |1=†[[Rhyniophyta]]
   |label2=Eutracheophytes
   |2={{clade
    |label1=Lycophytina
    |1={{clade
     |1='''[[Lycopodiophyta]]'''
     |2=†[[Zosterophyllophyta]]
     }}
    |label2=[[Euphyllophytina]]
    |2={{clade
     |label1='''[[Fern|Pteridophyta]]'''
     |1={{clade
      |1={{clade
       |1=†[[Cladoxylopsida]]
       |2=[[Equisetopsida]] (horsetails)
       |3=[[Marattiopsida]]
       |4=[[Psilotopsida]] (whisk ferns and adders'-tongues)
       |5=[[Pteridopsida]] (true ferns)
       }}
      }}
     |label2=Lignophytes
      |2={{clade
       |1=†[[Progymnospermophyta]]
       |label2='''[[Spermatophyte]]s'''
       |2={{clade
        |1=[[Cycadophyta]] (cycads)|barbegin1=green
        |2=[[Ginkgophyta]] (ginkgo)|bar2=green
        |3=[[Gnetophyta]]|bar3=green
        |4=[[Pinophyta]] (conifers)|barend4=green
        |5=[[Magnoliophyta]] (flowering plants)
        |6=†[[Pteridospermatophyta]] (seed ferns)
        }}
       }}
     }}
    }}
  }}
 }}
}}
}}
}}

This phylogeny is supported by several molecular studies.<ref name="Smith-2006"/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pryer |first1=K. M. |last2=Schneider |first2=H. |year=2001 |title=Horsetails and ferns are a monophyletic group and the closest living relatives to seed plants |journal=Nature |volume=409 |issue=6820 |pages=618–22 |doi=10.1038/35054555 |pmid=11214320 |last3=Smith |first3=A. R. |last4=Cranfill |first4=R. |last5=Wolf |first5=P. G. |last6=Hunt |first6=J. S. |last7=Sipes |first7=S. D. |bibcode=2001Natur.409..618S }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pryer |first1=K. M. |last2=Schuettpelz |first2=E. |last3=Wolf |first3=P. G. |last4=Schneider |first4=H. |last5=Smith |first5=A. R. |last6=Cranfill |first6=R. |year=2004 |title=Phylogeny and evolution of ferns (monilophytes) with a focus on the early leptosporangiate divergences |journal=American Journal of Botany |volume=91 |issue=10|pages=1582–1598 |doi=10.3732/ajb.91.10.1582 |pmid=21652310 }}</ref> Other researchers state that taking fossils into account leads to different conclusions, for example that the ferns (Pteridophyta) are not monophyletic.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rothwell |first1=G. W. |last2=Nixon |first2=K. C. |year=2006 |title=How Does the Inclusion of Fossil Data Change Our Conclusions about the Phylogenetic History of Euphyllophytes? |journal=International Journal of Plant Sciences |volume=167 |issue=3 |pages=737–749 |doi=10.1086/503298 |name-list-style=amp }}</ref>

Hao and Xue presented an alternative phylogeny in 2013 for pre-[[euphyllophyte]] plants.<ref name="Hao-2013">{{cite book |last1=Hao |first1=Shougang |last2=Xue |first2=Jinzhuang |title=The Early Devonian Posongchong Flora of Yunnan: A Contribution to an Understanding of the Evolution and Early Diversification of Vascular Plants |date=2013 |publisher=Science Press |isbn=978-7-03-036616-0 }}{{page needed|date=October 2024}}</ref>
{{Barlabel|size=27
|at1=5|label1=Rhyniopsids|bar1=#b88
|at2=8|label2=Renalioids|bar2=#aca
|cladogram=
{{clade|style=font-size:80%;line-height:80%
|label1=[[Polysporangiophyte]]s
|1={{clade
  |1=†[[Horneophytopsida|Horneophytaceae]] [[File:Horneophyton.svg|30px]]
  |label2=[[Tracheophyte]]s
  |2={{clade
    |1=†[[Cooksonia]]ceae
    |2={{clade
      |1=†''[[Aglaophyton]]''
      |2={{clade
        |1=†[[Rhyniopsida]] [[File:Rhynia sp. - MUSE (cropped).jpg|50px]] |barbegin1=#b88
        |2={{clade
          |1=†''[[Catenalis]]''|barend1=#b88
          |2={{clade
            |1=†''[[Aberlemnia]]''|barbegin1=#aca
            |2={{clade
              |1=†[[Hsua]]ceae|bar1=#aca
              |2={{clade
                |1=†[[Renalia]]ceae [[File:Renalia reconstruction.jpg|40px]] |barend1=#aca
                |label2=[[Eutracheophyte]]s
                |2={{clade
                  |1={{clade
                    |1=†''[[Adoketophyton]]''
                    |2=†?[[Barinophytopsida]]
                    |3=†[[Zosterophyllopsida]]
                     }}
                  |2={{clade
                    |label1=[[Microphyll]]s
                    |1={{clade
                      |1=†''[[Hicklingia]]''
                      |2={{clade
                        |1=†''[[Gumuia]]''
                        |2={{clade
                          |1=†''[[Nothia (plant)|Nothia]]''
                          |2={{clade
                            |1=[[Lycopodiopsida]] [[File:2021-03 Amsterdam Island - lycopodium clavatum 10.jpg|40px]]
                            |2=†''[[Zosterophyllum deciduum]]''
                             }}
                           }}
                         }}
                       }}
                    |2={{clade
                      |1=†''[[Yunia]]''
                      |label2=[[Euphyllophyte]]s
                      |2={{clade
                        |1=†''[[Eophyllophyton]]''
                        |2={{clade
                          |1=†[[Trimerophytopsida]]
                          |label2=[[Megaphyll]]s
                          |2={{clade
                            |label1=[[Moniliformopses]]
                            |1={{clade
                              |1=†''[[Ibyka]]''
                              |2={{clade
                                |1=†''[[Pauthecophyton]]''
                                |2={{clade
                                  |1=†[[Cladoxylopsida]]
                                  |2=[[Polypodiopsida]] [[File:Polypodium vulgare Paprotka zwyczajna 2020-06-29 03.jpg|40px]]
                                   }}
                                 }}
                               }}
                            |label2=Radiatopses
                            |2={{clade
                              |1=†''[[Celatheca]]''
                              |2={{clade
                                |1=†''[[Pertica]]''
                                |label2=Lignophytes
                                |2={{clade
                                  |1=†[[Progymnosperm]]s<br />(paraphyletic)
                                  |2=[[Spermatophyte]]s [[File:PinusSylvestris.jpg|30px]]
                                   }}
                                 }}
                               }}
                             }}
                           }}
                         }}
                       }}
                     }}
                   }}
                 }}
               }}
             }}
           }}
         }}
       }}
     }}
   }}
}}
}}