Editing Uzbeks (section)

==Origins==
Before the 5th century, what is today's Uzbekistan was part of [[Sogdia]], [[Khwarazm]], [[Bactria]] mainly inhabited by [[Sogdians]], [[Bactrians]], and [[Khwarezmian language|Khwarazmians]], all [[Indo-Iranians|Indo-Iranian peoples]]. It was part of the [[Achaemenid Empire]] in the sixth to fourth centuries BC and, by the 3rd century CE, part of [[Sasanian Empire]].{{sfn|Belenitskii|Marshak|1981|p=16}}

From the fifth to sixth century, what is today's Uzbekistan was part of the [[Hephthalite Empire]]. From 6th to 8th century, what is today's Uzbekistan was under the rule of [[First Turkic Khaganate]].

The Turkic component was part of the [[Kidarites]] in the fifth century. The seal of the Kidarites, made in the 5th century in [[Samarkand]], has a Bactrian inscription containing the title of the ruler: "Oglar Khun", of Turkic origin.<ref>Etienne de la Vaissiere, Is there a „Nationality of the Hephtalites?" in Bulletin of the Asia institute. New series. Volume 17. 2003. [2007], p. 129—130</ref>

Since the entry of Central Asia into the Turkic Khaganate (6th century), the process of Turkicization has intensified. In subsequent centuries, the main ethnocultural process that took place on the territory of the Central Asian interfluve was the convergence and partial merging of the settled, Iranian-speaking and Turkic-speaking, with the nomadic, mainly Turkic-speaking population.<ref name="Golden, Peter B 1992">Golden, Peter B. "An introduction to the history of the Turkic peoples." Ethnogenesis and state-formation in medieval and early modern Eurasia and the Middle East (1992): 134.</ref>

Turkic and Chinese migration into Central Asia occurred during the Chinese [[Tang dynasty]], and Chinese armies commanded by [[Turks in the Tang military|Turkic generals]] stationed in large parts of Central Asia. But Chinese influence ended with the [[An Lushan Rebellion]]. During the ninth and tenth centuries, [[Transoxiana]] was ruled by the Persian [[Samanid Empire]]. From the 11th century on, [[Transoxiana]] was under the rule of the Turkic [[Kara-Khanid Khanate]], their arrival in Transoxiana signalled a definitive shift from Iranian to Turkic predominance in Central Asia. The Kara-Khanid ruler [[Sultan Satuq Bughra Khan]] was the first Turkic ruler to convert to Islam, most people of Central Asia soon followed. In the 12th century, Transoxiana was conquered by the [[Qara Khitai]] (Western Liao), a sinicized [[Khitan people|Khitan]] dynasty, they brought to Central Asia the Chinese system of government. In the 13th century, Kara-Khanid Khanate was destroyed by the Turkic [[Anushtegin dynasty]], a former vassal of the Qara Khitai.

Although [[Turko-Mongol]] infiltration into Central Asia had started early,<ref>{{cite encyclopedia
| year = 1983
| title = Irano-Turkish Relations in the Late Sasanian Period
| encyclopedia = The Cambridge History of Iran
| publisher = Cambridge University Press
| volume = III/1
| location = Cambridge
| id = 0-521-24693-8
| pages = 613–24
}}</ref> and the influence of the Turkic tribes was felt in Khwarazm before the campaigns of the Mongols, after the beginning of the Chingizid rule, bilingualism became more common.<ref name="Golden, Peter B. 1992 p. 407-408">Golden, Peter B. ''An Introduction to the History of Turkic Peoples'' (1992) p. 407-408</ref> It is generally believed that these ancient [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European-speaking]] peoples were linguistically assimilated by smaller but dominant Turkic-speaking groups while the sedentary population finally adopted the [[Persian language]], the traditional ''[[lingua franca]]'' of the eastern Islamic lands.<ref name="Iranica">Richard H. Rowland, Richard N. Frye, C. Edmund Bosworth, Bertold Spuler, Robert D. McChesney, Yuri Bregel, Abbas Amanat, Edward Allworth, Peter B. Golden, Robert D. McChesney, Ian Matley, Ivan M. Steblin-Kamenskij, Gerhard Doerfer, [[Keith Hitchins]], Walter Feldman. ''Central Asia'', in [[Encyclopaedia Iranica]], v., Online Edition, 2007, ({{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20100109191302/http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/v5f2/v5f2a017.html LINK]}})</ref> The language-shift from [[Middle Iranian languages|Middle Iranian]] to Turkic and New Persian was predominantly the result of an ''elite dominance'' process.<ref>A. H. Nauta, "Der Lautwandel von a > o and von a > ä in der özbekischen Schriftsprache," Central Asiatic Journal 16, 1972, pp. 104–18.</ref><ref>A. Raun, Basic course in Uzbek, Bloomington, 1969.</ref> [[Peter B. Golden]]<ref name="Golden, Peter B. 1992 p. 407-408"/> listed three basic ethnic elements contributing to the Uzbeks' ethnogenesis:
# the Turkicized, formerly Iranian-speaking sedentary [[Sart]]s, a composite population including both Iranians ([[Saka]]s, Sogdians, Khwarzamians, [[Kushan Empire|Kushano-Bactrians]]) and some Arab elements;
# the pre-Uzbek amalgam of nomadic Türk(î) or Chagatays, who consisted of [[Karluks]], [[Yagma|Yaghmas]] and other tribes of the [[Göktürks]]' khaganates, and later of the Kara-Khanid Khanate, [[Oghuz Turks]], the [[Kangly]]-[[Kipchaks]] (particularly in the western region) and many Turkicized Mongol tribes, who entered [[Central Asia]] with the [[Mongol conquest of Central Asia|Mongol]] and [[Timurid conquests and invasions]].
# The [[Fergana Kipchak language|East Kipchak-speaking]] "Pure Uzbeks" (''Taza Özbek'').
[[File:Khiva, Uzbekistan 74 (161).jpg|thumb|Uzbek people at a market in [[Khiva]], Uzbekistan]]

The modern [[Uzbek language]] is largely derived from the [[Chagatai language]] which gained prominence in the [[Timurid dynasty|Timurid Empire]]. The position of Chagatai (and later Uzbek) was further strengthened after the fall of the Timurids and the rise of the [[Muhammad Shaybani|Shaybanid Uzbek Khaqanate]] that finally shaped the Turkic language and identity of modern Uzbeks, while the unique grammatical<ref>A. von Gabain, "Özbekische Grammatik", Leipzig and Vienna, 1945</ref> and phonetical features of the Uzbek language as well as the modern Uzbek culture reflect the more ancient Iranian roots of the Uzbek people.<ref name="Iranica" /><ref>J. Bečka, "Tajik Literature from the 16th Century to the Present," in [[Jan Rypka]], Hist. Iran. Lit., pp. 520–605</ref><ref>A. Jung, ''Quellen der klassischen Musiktradition Mittelasiens: Die usbekisch-tadshikischen maqom-Zyklen und ihre Beziehung zu anderen regionalen maqam-Traditionen im Vorderen and Mittleren Orient'', Ph.D. dissertation, Berlin, 1983.</ref><ref>T. Levin, The Music and Tradition of the Bukharan Shashmaqam in Soviet Uzbekistan, Ph.D. dissertation, Princeton, 1984</ref>

===Genetic origins===
Uzbeks share a large portion of their ancestry with nearby Turkic populations, including [[Kyrgyz people]], [[Uyghur people|Uyghurs]], [[Kazakhs]], and [[Bashkirs]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Villems|first1=Richard|last2=Khusnutdinova|first2=Elza|last3=Kivisild|first3=Toomas|last4=Yepiskoposyan|first4=Levon|last5=Voevoda|first5=Mikhail|last6=Osipova|first6=Ludmila|last7=Malyarchuk|first7=Boris|last8=Derenko|first8=Miroslava|last9=Damba|first9=Larisa|date=2015-04-21|title=The Genetic Legacy of the Expansion of Turkic-Speaking Nomads across Eurasia|journal=PLOS Genetics|language=en|volume=11|issue=4|pages=e1005068|doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.1005068|issn=1553-7404|pmc=4405460|pmid=25898006 |doi-access=free }} ". In contrast, populations closer to the SSM area (Uzbeks, Kazakhs, Kyrgyz, and Uygurs, and also Bashkirs from the Volga-Ural region) still demonstrated a statistically significant excess of IBD sharing. This spatial pattern can be partly explained by a relative rarity of longer IBD tracts compared to shorter ones and recurrent gene flow events into populations closer to the SSM area."</ref>

The western ancestry of Uzbeks includes a Caucasus component (≈35–40%), and a (Northern) European component (≈5–20%), the Uzbeks eastern ancestry includes an Eastern Asian component (≈35%), and a (Central and East) Siberian component (≈5–20%). The best proxy for their western ancestry are modern day [[Abkhaz people]], while the best proxy for their eastern ancestry are [[Yakuts]] (or alternatively, [[Tuvans]]).<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Triska |first1=Petr |last2=Chekanov |first2=Nikolay |last3=Stepanov |first3=Vadim |last4=Khusnutdinova |first4=Elza K. |last5=Kumar |first5=Ganesh Prasad Arun |last6=Akhmetova |first6=Vita |last7=Babalyan |first7=Konstantin |last8=Boulygina |first8=Eugenia |last9=Kharkov |first9=Vladimir |last10=Gubina |first10=Marina |last11=Khidiyatova |first11=Irina |last12=Khitrinskaya |first12=Irina |last13=Khrameeva |first13=Ekaterina E. |last14=Khusainova |first14=Rita |last15=Konovalova |first15=Natalia |date=2017-12-28 |title=Between Lake Baikal and the Baltic Sea: genomic history of the gateway to Europe |journal=BMC Genetics |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=110 |doi=10.1186/s12863-017-0578-3 |issn=1471-2156 |pmc=5751809 |pmid=29297395 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

A study on modern Central Asians comparing them to ancient historical samples found that Uzbeks can be modeled as 48.8–65.1% Iron Age [[Indo-Iranians]], and 34.9–51.2% Eastern Steppe [[Xiongnu]], from the [[Mongolian Plateau]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Dai |first1=Shan-Shan |last2=Sulaiman |first2=Xierzhatijiang |last3=Isakova |first3=Jainagul |last4=Xu |first4=Wei-Fang |last5=Abdulloevich |first5=Najmudinov Tojiddin |last6=Afanasevna |first6=Manilova Elena |last7=Ibrohimovich |first7=Khudoidodov Behruz |last8=Chen |first8=Xi |last9=Yang |first9=Wei-Kang |last10=Wang |first10=Ming-Shan |last11=Shen |first11=Quan-Kuan |last12=Yang |first12=Xing-Yan |last13=Yao |first13=Yong-Gang |last14=Aldashev |first14=Almaz A |last15=Saidov |first15=Abdusattor |date=2022-08-25 |title=The Genetic Echo of the Tarim Mummies in Modern Central Asians |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msac179 |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |volume=39 |issue=9 |doi=10.1093/molbev/msac179 |issn=0737-4038 |pmc=9469894 |pmid=36006373}}</ref>

===Paternal haplogroups===
Based on the research of several studies, the [[Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup|paternal lineages]] of Uzbeks have been described:<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lee |first1=Joo-Yup |title=A Comparative Analysis of Chinese Historical Sources and y-dna Studies with Regard to the Early and Medieval Turkic Peoples |journal=Inner Asia |date=18 October 2017 |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=218–219 |doi=10.1163/22105018-12340089 |issn=2210-5018|doi-access=free }}</ref>
* '''[[Haplogroup R1a]]1''', a West Eurasian haplogroup, occurs at a rate of 17-32% among Uzbek men, making it the predominant Y-DNA lineage among Uzbeks.<ref>{{harvnb|Lee|2017|p=219|ps=: "See Wells et al. (2001: 10245, table 1: M17, M130, M46, M172, M175 and 122, and M48 correspond to haplogroups R1a1, C2, N1c1, J, O, and C2b1b1, respectively); Zerjal et al. (2002: 474,
table 3: haplogroups 3, 9, 10, 13, 16, and 36 correspond to haplogroups R1a1, J, C2, O3, N1c1,
and C2b1b1, respectively); Haber et al. (2012: table S4). According to another recent survey,
the Uzbeks of Afghanistan exhibit R1a1 (29%), J (18%), Q (8.6%), C (4%), N (4%), R1b1a1a1
(3%), R2 (3%) and O (2.3%): see Di Cristofaro et al. (2013: figure S7).}}</ref> It is unclear if this haplogroup in Uzbeks came from local Bronze Age Indo-European pastoralists, or if it originates from Turkic migrants, because despite being considered a diagnostic Indo-Iranian haplogroup, it occurs at a high frequency among Turkic males from Siberia.{{sfn|Lee|2017|p=216}}<ref>{{harvnb|Lee|2017|pp=218–219|ps=: "As to haplogroup R1a1 among the modern-day Uzbeks and Xinjiang Uighurs, the extent to which it originated from the Bronze Age Indo-European pastoralists and from the Turkic and Turkicized Inner Asian nomadic groups, respectively,  remains open to speculation." ... "The modern Uzbeks, who also descend from the ancient Indo-European (Iranic) populations and various Inner Asian nomadic peoples (Golden 1992: 407), including the Shibanid Uzbeks, exhibit a set of haplogroups similar to those of the Xinjiang Uighurs: R1a1 (17.6~32%), J (5.9~21.4%), C2 (7~18%, 41.2%), O3 (0~12%) and N (0~5.9%)."}}</ref>
* '''[[Haplogroup J (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup J]]''', a West Eurasian haplogroup, occurs at a rate of 5.9–21.4% in Uzbek males. This haplogroup has been present in the Middle East for tens of thousands of years.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{harvnb|Lee|2017|pp=218–219|ps=: "Haplogroup J is a patrilineal lineage originating in the Middle East and probably reached Central Asia with Neolithic farmers from the Middle East.  Haplogroups O3, C2, and N were in all likelihood  brought to Transoxiana by various Turkic and Mongolic peoples."}}</ref>
* '''[[Haplogroup C-M217|Haplogroup C2]]''', an East Eurasian haplogroup, occurs at a rate of 4–18% among Uzbek men. In one sample from Afghanistan, 41.2% of Uzbek men carried this haplogroup. Lee & Kuang posit that the males in this sample are descended from the nomadic Uzbeks of the Qipchaq steppe. It is likely that haplogroup C2 was brought to the middle east by Turkic or [[Mongolic peoples|Mongolic]] peoples, along with minor Uzbek haplogroups O3 and N.<ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref>{{harvnb|Lee|2017|p=219|ps=: "This high frequency of C2 is found among an Uzbek group residing in Afghanistan. We  are inclined to think that this group is descended from the nomadic Uzbeks from the  Qipchaq Steppe (Haber et al. 2012: table S4)."}}</ref>

===Maternal haplogroups===
According to a 2010 study, slightly more than 50% of Uzbeks from [[Tashkent]] belong to East Eurasian and South Asian [[Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup|maternal haplogroups]], while nearly 50% belong to West Eurasian haplogroups.<ref name="Irwin" />

A majority of Uzbeks from [[Ferghana]] belong to East Eurasian and South Asian maternal haplogroups, while considerably fewer belong to West Eurasian haplogroups.<ref name="Irwin">{{cite journal |last1=Irwin |first1=Jodi A. |title=The mtDNA composition of Uzbekistan: a microcosm of Central Asian patterns |journal=International Journal of Legal Medicine |date=1 May 2010 |volume=124 |issue=3 |pages=195–204 |doi=10.1007/s00414-009-0406-z |pmid=20140442 |s2cid=2759130 |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00414-009-0406-z |language=en |issn=1437-1596}} Regional results can be seen in figure 3.</ref>

In Khorzem and Qashkadarya, a majority of Uzbeks belong to West Eurasian maternal haplogroups, while considerably fewer belong to East Eurasian and South Asian haplogroups.<ref name="Irwin" />