Editing Ununennium (section)

==History==
===Synthesis attempts===
{{main|Isotopes of ununennium}}

Elements 114 to 118 ([[flerovium]] through [[oganesson]]) were discovered in "hot fusion" reactions at the [[Joint Institute for Nuclear Research]] (JINR) in [[Dubna]], Russia. This involved bombarding the actinides [[plutonium]] through [[californium]] with [[calcium-48]], a quasi-stable neutron-rich isotope which could be used as a projectile to produce more neutron-rich isotopes of superheavy elements.<ref name="Folden" /> (The term "hot" refers to the high excitation energy of the resulting compound nucleus.) This cannot easily be continued to element 119, because it would require a target of the next actinide [[einsteinium]]. Tens of milligrams of einsteinium would be needed for a reasonable chance of success, but only micrograms have so far been produced.<ref name=usprogram/> An attempt to make element 119 from calcium-48 and less than a microgram of einsteinium was made in 1985 at the superHILAC accelerator at Berkeley, California, but did not succeed.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lougheed |first1=R. |last2=Landrum |first2=J. |last3=Hulet |first3=E. |last4=Wild |first4=J. |last5=Dougan |first5=R. |last6=Dougan |first6=A. |last7=Gäggeler |first7=H. |last8=Schädel |first8=M. |last9=Moody |first9=K. |display-authors=3 |date=3 June 1985 |title=Search for superheavy elements using the {{sup|48}}Ca + {{sup|254}}Es{{sup|g}} reaction |url=https://journals.aps.org/prc/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevC.32.1760 |journal=Physical Review C |publication-date=1 November 1985 |volume=32 |issue=5 |pages=1760–1763 |bibcode=1985PhRvC..32.1760L |doi=10.1103/PhysRevC.32.1760 |pmid=9953034 |url-access=registration |access-date=21 March 2022 |archive-date=30 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220330005749/https://journals.aps.org/prc/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevC.32.1760 |url-status=live }}</ref>
:{{nuclide|Es|254}} + {{nuclide|Ca|48}} → {{nuclide|Uue|302}}* → no atoms

More practical production of further superheavy elements requires projectiles heavier than {{sup|48}}Ca,<ref name="Folden">{{cite journal |last1=Folden III |first1=C. M. |last2=Mayorov |first2=D. A. |last3=Werke |first3=T. A. |last4=Alfonso |first4=M. C. |last5=Bennett |first5=M. E. |last6=DeVanzo |first6=M. J. |display-authors=2 |year=2013 |title=Prospects for the discovery of the next new element: Influence of projectiles with ''Z'' > 20 |url=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1742-6596/420/1/012007 |journal=Journal of Physics: Conference Series |publisher=IOP Publishing Ltd |volume=420 |issue=1 |at=012007 |arxiv=1209.0498 |bibcode=2013JPhCS.420a2007F |doi=10.1088/1742-6596/420/1/012007 |s2cid=119275964 |access-date=2022-03-21 |archive-date=2022-03-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220321211112/https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1742-6596/420/1/012007 |url-status=live }}</ref> but this makes the reaction more symmetric<ref name=search/> and gives it a smaller chance of success.<ref name=usprogram/> Attempts to synthesize element 119 push the limits of current technology, due to the decreasing [[cross section (physics)|cross sections]] of the production reactions and the probably short [[half-life|half-lives]] of produced isotopes,{{sfn|Zagrebaev|Karpov|Greiner|2013}} expected to be on the order of microseconds.<ref name="Haire" /><ref name="Hofmann">{{cite book |last=Hofmann |first=Sigurd |editor1-first=Walter |editor1-last=Greiner |date=2013 |title=Overview and Perspectives of SHE Research at GSI SHIP |pages=23–32 |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-00047-3 |isbn=978-3-319-00046-6 |url=https://cds.cern.ch/record/1551965 |access-date=2023-06-21 |archive-date=2024-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240924104827/https://catalogue.library.cern/legacy/1551965 |url-status=live }}</ref>

From April to September 2012, an attempt to synthesize {{sup|295}}Uue and {{sup|296}}Uue was made by bombarding a target of [[berkelium]]-249 with [[titanium]]-50 at the [[GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research]] in [[Darmstadt]], Germany.<ref name="economist">[http://www.economist.com/node/21554502 Modern alchemy: Turning a line] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170523091850/http://www.economist.com/node/21554502 |date=2017-05-23 }}, [[The Economist]], May 12, 2012.</ref><ref name="Khuyagbaatar">{{Cite journal |last=DÜLLMANN |first=CHRISTOPH E. |title=Superheavy Element Research at Tasca at Gsi |year=2013 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789814525435_0029 |journal=Fission and Properties of Neutron-Rich Nuclei |pages=271–277 |publisher=WORLD SCIENTIFIC |doi=10.1142/9789814525435_0029 |isbn=978-981-4525-42-8 |access-date=21 March 2022 |archive-date=24 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240924104817/https://www.worldscientific.com/doi/abs/10.1142/9789814525435_0029 |url-status=live }}</ref> This reaction between {{sup|249}}Bk and {{sup|50}}Ti was predicted to be the most favorable practical reaction for formation of ununennium,<ref name="Khuyagbaatar" /> as it is the most asymmetric reaction available.{{sfn|Zagrebaev|Karpov|Greiner|2013}} Moreover, as berkelium-249 decays to [[californium]]-249 (the next element) with a short half-life of 327&nbsp;days, this allowed elements 119 and [[unbinilium|120]] to be searched for simultaneously.<ref name="search">{{cite journal |last1=Khuyagbaatar |first1=J. |last2=Yakushev |first2=A. |last3=Düllmann |first3=Ch. E. |display-authors=etal |date=2020 |title=Search for elements 119 and 120 |url=https://jyx.jyu.fi/bitstream/handle/123456789/73027/2/khuyagbaatarym0812.pdf |journal=Physical Review C |volume=102 |issue=6 |at=064602 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevC.102.064602 |bibcode=2020PhRvC.102f4602K |hdl=1885/289860 |s2cid=229401931 |access-date=25 January 2021 |archive-date=9 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209203725/https://jyx.jyu.fi/bitstream/handle/123456789/73027/2/khuyagbaatarym0812.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Due to the predicted short half-lives, the GSI team used new "fast" electronics capable of registering decay events within microseconds.<ref name="Khuyagbaatar" />{{sfn|Zagrebaev|Karpov|Greiner|2013}}
:{{nuclide|Bk|249}} + {{nuclide|Ti|50}} → {{nuclide|Uue|299}}* → no atoms
:{{nuclide|Cf|249}} + {{nuclide|Ti|50}} → {{nuclide|Ubn|299}}* → no atoms
Neither element 119 nor element 120 was observed.<ref name="Yakushev">{{cite web | url=http://asrc.jaea.go.jp/soshiki/gr/chiba_gr/workshop3/%26Yakushev.pdf | title=Superheavy Element Research at TASCA | access-date=2024-01-26 | archive-date=2016-03-04 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304082617/http://asrc.jaea.go.jp/soshiki/gr/chiba_gr/workshop3/%26Yakushev.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="search"/> The experiment was originally planned to continue to November 2012,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www-win.gsi.de/tasca12/program/contributions/TASCA12_Duellmann.pdf|title=Search for element 119: Christoph E. Düllmann for the ''TASCA E119'' collaboration|access-date=2015-09-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304094201/https://www-win.gsi.de/tasca12/program/contributions/TASCA12_Duellmann.pdf|archive-date=2016-03-04|url-status=dead}}</ref> but was stopped early to make use of the {{sup|249}}Bk target to confirm the synthesis of [[tennessine]] (thus changing the projectile to {{sup|48}}Ca).<ref name="Yakushev" />

[[File:Curium oxide targets.jpg|thumb|The [[curium oxide]] targets used by RIKEN for the search of element 119<ref name=nelson/>]]
The team at RIKEN in [[Wakō, Saitama|Wakō]], Japan began bombarding [[curium]]-248 targets with a [[vanadium]]-51 beam in January 2018<ref name=sakai22/> to search for element 119. Curium was chosen as a target, rather than heavier berkelium or californium, as these heavier targets are difficult to prepare.<ref name="sakai">{{cite web |url=http://www0.mi.infn.it/~colo/slides_27_2_19/2019-2_Milano-WS_sakai.pdf |title=Search for a New Element at RIKEN Nishina Center |last=Sakai |first=Hideyuki |date=27 February 2019 |website=infn.it |access-date=17 December 2019 |archive-date=9 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209203724/http://www0.mi.infn.it/~colo/slides_27_2_19/2019-2_Milano-WS_sakai.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The {{sup|248}}Cm targets were provided by [[Oak Ridge National Laboratory]]. RIKEN developed a high-intensity vanadium beam.<ref name=usprogram>{{cite journal |url=https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1896856 |title=The Status and Ambitions of the US Heavy Element Program |first1=J. |last1=Gates |first2=J. |last2=Pore |first3=H. |last3=Crawford |first4=D. |last4=Shaughnessy |first5=M. A. |last5=Stoyer |date=25 October 2022 |website=osti.gov |publisher= |access-date=13 November 2022 |doi=10.2172/1896856 |osti=1896856 |s2cid=253391052 |quote= |archive-date=24 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240924104831/https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1896856 |url-status=live }}</ref> The experiment began at a cyclotron while RIKEN upgraded its linear accelerators; the upgrade was completed in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nishina.riken.jp/about/greeting_e.html|title=Greeting &#124; RIKEN Nishina Center|quote=With the completion of the upgrade of the linear accelerator and BigRIPS at the beginning of 2020, the RNC aims to synthesize new elements from element 119 and beyond.|date=1 April 2020|first=Hiroyoshi|last=Sakurai|access-date=5 March 2021|archive-date=2 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202084613/https://www.nishina.riken.jp/about/greeting_e.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Bombardment may be continued with both machines until the first event is observed.<ref name="ball19">{{cite journal |last=Ball |first=P. |title=Extreme chemistry: experiments at the edge of the periodic table |date=2019 |journal=Nature |volume=565 |issue=7741 |pages=552–555 |issn=1476-4687 |doi=10.1038/d41586-019-00285-9 |pmid=30700884 |bibcode=2019Natur.565..552B |s2cid=59524524 |doi-access=free |url=https://www.nature.com/magazine-assets/d41586-019-00285-9/d41586-019-00285-9.pdf |quote="We started the search for element 119 last June," says RIKEN researcher Hideto En'yo. "It will certainly take a long time — years and years — so we will continue the same experiment intermittently for 100 or more days per year, until we or somebody else discovers it." |access-date=2019-08-23 |archive-date=2019-04-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412102259/https://www.nature.com/magazine-assets/d41586-019-00285-9/d41586-019-00285-9.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="sakai" /> The RIKEN team's efforts are being financed by the [[Emperor of Japan]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eic.rsc.org/feature/the-hunt-is-on/3008580.article |title=The hunt is on |last1=Chapman |first1=Kit |last2=Turner |first2=Kristy |date=13 February 2018 |website=Education in Chemistry |publisher=Royal Society of Chemistry |access-date=28 June 2019 |quote=The hunt for element 113 was almost abandoned because of lack of resources, but this time Japan’s emperor is bankrolling Riken’s efforts to extend the periodic table to its eighth row. |archive-date=20 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190720192510/https://eic.rsc.org/feature/the-hunt-is-on/3008580.article |url-status=live }}</ref>

:{{nuclide|curium|248}} + {{nuclide|vanadium|51}} → {{nuclide|ununennium|299}}* → no atoms yet

The produced isotopes of ununennium are expected to undergo two alpha decays to known isotopes of [[moscovium]], {{sup|287}}Mc and {{sup|288}}Mc. This would anchor them to a known sequence of five or six further alpha decays, respectively, and corroborate their production.<ref name=sakai22>{{cite journal |last1=Sakai |first1=Hideyuki |last2=Haba |first2=Hiromitsu |first3=Kouji |last3=Morimoto |first4=Naruhiko |last4=Sakamoto |date=9 December 2022 |title=Facility upgrade for superheavy-element research at RIKEN |journal=The European Physical Journal A |volume=58 |issue=238 |page=238 |doi=10.1140/epja/s10050-022-00888-3 |pmid=36533209 |pmc=9734366 |bibcode=2022EPJA...58..238S }}</ref><ref name=Mc2022>{{Cite journal |title=New isotope {{sup|286}}Mc produced in the {{sup|243}}Am+{{sup|48}}Ca reaction |last1=Oganessian |first1=Yu. Ts. |last2=Utyonkov |first2=V. K. |last3=Kovrizhnykh |first3=N. D. |display-authors=et al. |date=2022 |journal=Physical Review C |volume=106 |number=64306 |page=064306 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevC.106.064306|bibcode=2022PhRvC.106f4306O |s2cid=254435744 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

As of September 2023, the team at RIKEN had run the {{sup|248}}Cm+{{sup|51}}V reaction for 462 days. A report by the RIKEN Nishina Center Advisory Committee noted that this reaction was chosen because of the availability of the target and projectile materials, despite predictions favoring the {{sup|249}}Bk+{{sup|50}}Ti reaction, because the {{sup|50}}Ti projectile is closer to doubly magic {{sup|48}}Ca and has an even atomic number (22); reactions with even-''Z'' projectiles have generally been shown to have greater cross-sections. The report recommended that if the 5&nbsp;fb cross-section limit is reached without any events observed, then the team should "evaluate and eventually reconsider the experimental strategy before taking additional beam time."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.riken.jp/medialibrary/riken/about/reports/evaluation/rnc/ncac/ncac2023-report-e.pdf |title=RIKEN Nishina Center Advisory Committee Report |last= |first= |date=7 September 2023 |website=riken.jp |publisher=Riken |access-date=11 April 2024 |quote= |archive-date=24 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240924105317/https://www.riken.jp/medialibrary/riken/about/reports/evaluation/rnc/ncac/ncac2023-report-e.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> As of August 2024, the team at RIKEN was still running this reaction "24/7".<ref name=nelson>{{cite journal |last1=Nelson |first1=Felicity |date=15 August 2024 |title=How Japan Took the Lead in the Race to Discover Element 119 |journal=ACS Central Science |volume= 10|issue= 9|pages= 1669–1673|doi=10.1021/acscentsci.4c01266 |doi-access=free |pmid=39507239 |pmc=11539895 }}</ref>

The team at the JINR plans to attempt synthesis of element 119 in the future, but a precise timeframe has not been publicly released.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jinr.ru/posts/jinr-presented-largest-periodic-table-to-dubna/ |title=JINR presented largest Periodic Table to Dubna |author=Joint Institute for Nuclear Research |date=24 July 2021 |website=jinr.ru |publisher=Joint Institute for Nuclear Research |access-date=27 January 2022 |archive-date=24 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924083007/http://www.jinr.ru/posts/jinr-presented-largest-periodic-table-to-dubna/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In late 2023, the JINR reported the first successful synthesis of a superheavy element with a projectile heavier than {{sup|48}}Ca: [[uranium-238|{{sup|238}}U]] was bombarded with [[chromium-54|{{sup|54}}Cr]] to make a new isotope of [[livermorium]] (element 116), [[livermorium-288|{{sup|288}}Lv]]. Successful synthesis of a superheavy nuclide in this experiment was an unexpectedly good result; the aim was to experimentally determine the cross-section of a reaction with {{sup|54}}Cr projectiles and prepare for the synthesis of element 120.<ref name=Lv288>{{cite news |url=http://www.jinr.ru/posts/v-lyar-oiyai-vpervye-v-mire-sintezirovan-livermorij-288/ |title=В ЛЯР ОИЯИ впервые в мире синтезирован ливерморий-288 |trans-title=Livermorium-288 was synthesized for the first time in the world at FLNR JINR |language=ru |date=23 October 2023 |publisher=Joint Institute for Nuclear Research |access-date=18 November 2023 |archive-date=3 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240303145516/https://www.jinr.ru/posts/v-lyar-oiyai-vpervye-v-mire-sintezirovan-livermorij-288/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The JINR has also alluded to a future attempt to synthesize element 119 with the same projectile, bombarding [[americium-243|{{sup|243}}Am]] with {{sup|54}}Cr.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jinr.ru/posts/superheavy-element-factory-overview-of-obtained-results/ |title=Superheavy Element Factory: overview of obtained results |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=24 August 2023 |website= |publisher=Joint Institute for Nuclear Research |access-date=7 December 2023 |quote= |archive-date=24 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240924104859/https://www.jinr.ru/posts/superheavy-element-factory-overview-of-obtained-results/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The team at the Heavy Ion Research Facility in [[Lanzhou]] (HIRFL), which is operated by the [[Institute of Modern Physics]] (IMP) of the [[Chinese Academy of Sciences]], also plans to try the {{sup|243}}Am+{{sup|54}}Cr reaction.<ref>{{cite journal|first1=Chang|last1=Geng|first2=Peng-Hui|last2=Chen|first3=Fei|last3=Niu|first4=Zu-Xing|last4=Yang|first5=Xiang-Hua|last5=Zeng|first6=Zhao-Qing|last6=Feng|author-link=|date=23 February 2024|title=Assessing the Impact of Nuclear Mass Models on the Prediction of Synthesis Cross Sections for Superheavy Elements|journal=Physical Review C |volume=109 |issue=5 |page=054611 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevC.109.054611 |arxiv=2402.15304v1|bibcode=2024PhRvC.109e4611G }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gan |first1=Z. G. |last2=Huang |first2=W. X. |last3=Zhang |first3=Z. Y. |last4=Zhou |first4=X. H. |last5=Xu |first5=H. S. |date=2022 |title=Results and perspectives for study of heavy and super-heavy nuclei and elements at IMP/CAS |url= |journal=The European Physical Journal A |volume=58 |issue=158 |pages= |doi=10.1140/epja/s10050-022-00811-w |bibcode=2022EPJA...58..158G |access-date=}}</ref>

===Naming===
Using [[Mendeleev's predicted elements|Mendeleev's nomenclature for unnamed and undiscovered elements]], ununennium should be known as ''eka-[[francium]]''. Using the 1979 [[IUPAC]] [[systematic element name|recommendations]], the element should be [[placeholder name|temporarily called]] ''ununennium'' (symbol ''Uue'') until it is discovered, the discovery is confirmed, and a permanent name chosen.<ref name="iupac">{{cite journal |last=Chatt |first=J. |journal=Pure and Applied Chemistry |date=1979 |volume=51 |pages=381–384 |title=Recommendations for the naming of elements of atomic numbers greater than 100 |doi=10.1351/pac197951020381 |issue=2 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Although widely used in the chemical community on all levels, from chemistry classrooms to advanced textbooks, the recommendations are mostly ignored among scientists who work theoretically or experimentally on superheavy elements, who call it "element 119", with the symbol ''E119'', ''(119)'' or ''119''.<ref name="Haire" />