Editing Underground hard-rock mining (section)

===Underground access===
Accessing underground [[ore]] can be achieved via a decline (ramp), inclined [[Shaft mining|vertical shaft]] or [[adit]].
[[File:Wiluna underground.jpg|thumb|upright|Decline portal]]
*'''Declines''' can be a spiral tunnel which circles either the flank of the deposit or circles around the deposit. The decline begins with a [[box cut]], which is the portal to the surface. Depending on the amount of [[overburden]] and quality of [[bedrock]], a [[Hot-dip galvanizing|galvanized steel]] [[culvert]] may be required for safety purposes. They may also be started into the wall of an [[open cut]] mine.
*'''Shafts''' are vertical excavations sunk adjacent to an ore body. Shafts are sunk for ore bodies where haulage to surface via truck is not economical.  Shaft haulage is more economical than truck haulage at depth, and a mine may have both a decline and a ramp.
*'''Adits''' are horizontal excavations into the side of a hill or mountain. Adits are used for horizontal or near-horizontal ore bodies where there is no need for a ramp or shaft.

Declines are often started from the side of the high wall of an [[open cut]] mine when the ore body is of a payable grade sufficient to support an underground mining operation, but the strip ratio has become too great to support open cast extraction methods. They are also often built and maintained as an emergency safety access from the underground workings and a means of moving large equipment to the workings.