Editing Ulysses (spacecraft) (section)

== Instruments ==
[[File:Ulysses cut picture.gif|thumb|upright=1.0|right|''Ulysses'' instruments]]
[[File:Ulysses radial boom test.jpg|thumb|upright=1.0|right|''Ulysses'' radial boom test]]

The twelve different Instruments came from ESA and NASA. The first design was based on two probes, one by NASA and one by ESA, but the probe of NASA was defunded and in the end the instruments of the cancelled probe were mounted on ''Ulysses''.<ref name="esa-ulysses-factsheet">{{Cite web |title=Ulysses factsheet |url=https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/Ulysses_science_highlights |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240103223950/https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/Ulysses_science_highlights |archive-date=3 January 2024 |access-date=7 May 2021 |publisher=[[ESA]] }}</ref>

* '''Radio/Plasma antennas:''' Two [[beryllium copper]] antennas were unreeled outwards from the body, perpendicular to the RTG and spin axis. Together this [[Dipole antenna|dipole]] spanned 72 meters (236.2&nbsp;ft). A third antenna, of hollow beryllium copper, was deployed from the body, along the spin axis opposite the dish. It was a [[monopole antenna]], 7.5 meters (24.6&nbsp;ft) long. These measured radio waves generated by plasma releases, or the plasma itself as it passed over the spacecraft. This receiver ensemble was sensitive from DC to 1&nbsp;MHz.<ref name="jpl-urpwi">{{Cite web |title=Unified Radio and Plasma Wave Investigation |url=http://ulysses.jpl.nasa.gov/spacecraft/inst_urap.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090117094444/http://ulysses.jpl.nasa.gov/spacecraft/inst_urap.html |archive-date=17 January 2009 |publisher=[[NASA]] & [[JPL]] }}</ref>
* '''Experiment Boom:''' A third type of boom, shorter and much more rigid, extended from the last side of the spacecraft, opposite the RTG. This was a hollow carbon-fiber tube, of 50&nbsp;mm (2 in.) diameter. It can be seen in the photo as the silver rod stowed alongside the body. It carried four types of instruments: a solid-state [[X-ray]] instrument, composed of two [[silicon]] detectors, to study X-rays from [[solar flare]]s and Jupiter's [[Aurora borealis|aurorae]]; the Gamma-Ray Burst experiment, consisting of two [[Caesium iodide|CsI]] scintillator crystals with photomultipliers; two different [[magnetometer]]s, a helium vector magnetometer and a fluxgate magnetometer; and a two-axis [[Search-coil magnetometer|magnetic search coil]] antenna measured AC magnetic fields.
* '''Body-Mounted Instruments:''' Detectors for [[electron]]s, [[ion]]s, neutral gas, [[Cosmic dust|dust]], and [[cosmic ray]]s were mounted on the spacecraft body around the quiet section.
* Lastly, the radio communications link could be used to search for [[gravitational waves]]<ref name="aas-92-431-440">{{Cite journal |last1=Bertotti |first1=B. |last2=Ambrosini |first2=R. |last3=Asmar |first3=S. W. |last4=Brenkle |first4=J. P. |last5=Comoretto |first5=G. |last6=Giampieri |first6=G. |last7=Iess |first7=L. |last8=Messeri |first8=A. |last9=Wahlquist |first9=H. D. |date=January 1992 |title=The gravitational wave experiment |url=http://www.sp.ph.ic.ac.uk/~giacomo/Papers/1992AAS.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics Supplement Series |volume=92 |issue=2 |pages=431–440 |bibcode=1992A&AS...92..431B |issn=0365-0138 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081219053444/http://www.sp.ph.ic.ac.uk/~giacomo/Papers/1992AAS.pdf |archive-date=19 December 2008 }}</ref> (through [[Doppler shift]]s) and to probe the Sun's atmosphere through [[radio occultation]]. No gravitational waves were detected.
* Total instrument mass was 55&nbsp;kg.
* '''Magnetometer (MAG):''' MAG measured the magnetic field in the heliosphere. Measurements of Jupiter's magnetic field were also performed. Two [[magnetometer]]s performed ''Ulysses''{{'}} magnetic field measurements, the Vector Helium Magnetometer and the Fluxgate Magnetometer.<ref name="aas-92-221-236">{{Cite journal |last1=Balogh |first1=A. |last2=Beek |first2=T. J. |last3=Forsyth |first3=R. J. |last4=Hedgecock |first4=P. C. |last5=Marquedant |first5=R. J. |last6=Smith |first6=E. J. |last7=Southwood |first7=D. J. |last8=Tsurutani |first8=B. T. |date=20 August 1991 |title=The magnetic field investigation on the ULYSSES mission - Instrumentation and preliminary scientific results |url=https://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1992A%26AS...92..221B |journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics Supplement Series |volume=92 |issue=2 |pages=221–236 |bibcode=1992A&AS...92..221B |issn=0365-0138 }}</ref>
* '''Solar Wind Plasma Experiment (SWOOPS):''' detected the solar wind at all solar distances and latitudes and in three dimensions. It measured positive ions and electrons.<ref name="swoops-user-notes">{{Cite web |last=Goldstein |first=Bruce |title=SWOOPS/Electron - User Notes |url=http://helio.estec.esa.nl/ulysses/archive/swoops_bae_un.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060927051549/http://helio.estec.esa.nl/ulysses/archive/swoops_bae_un.html |archive-date=27 September 2006 |publisher=[[NASA]] & [[JPL]] }}</ref>
* '''Solar Wind Ion Composition Instrument (SWICS):''' determined composition, temperature and speed of the atoms and ions that comprise the solar wind.<ref name="science-268-5213">{{Cite journal |last1=Geiss |first1=J |last2=Gloeckler |first2=G |last3=von Steiger |first3=R |last4=Balsiger |first4=H |last5=Fisk |first5=L. |last6=Galvin |first6=A. |last7=Ipavich |first7=F. |last8=Livi |first8=S |last9=McKenzie |first9=J. |last10=Ogilvie |first10=K. |last11=et |first11=al. |author-link6=Antoinette Galvin |date=19 May 1995 |title=The southern high-speed stream: results from the SWICS instrument on Ulysses |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.7754380 |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=268 |issue=5213 |pages=1033–1036 |bibcode=1995Sci...268.1033G |doi=10.1126/science.7754380 |issn=0036-8075 |pmid=7754380 }}</ref><ref name="ssr-72-71-76">{{Cite journal |last1=von Steiger |first1=R. |last2=Geiss |first2=J. |last3=Gloeckler |first3=G. |last4=Galvin |first4=A. B. |author-link4=Antoinette Galvin |date=1 April 1995 |title=Kinetic properties of heavy ions in the solar wind from SWICS/Ulysses |journal=[[Space Science Reviews]] |language=en |volume=72 |issue=1 |pages=71–76 |bibcode=1995SSRv...72...71V |doi=10.1007/BF00768756 |issn=1572-9672 |s2cid=189797680 }}</ref>
* '''Unified Radio and Plasma Wave Instrument (URAP):''' picked up radio waves from the Sun and electromagnetic waves generated in the solar wind close to the spacecraft.
* '''Energetic Particle Instrument (EPAC) and GAS:''' EPAC investigated the energy, fluxes and distribution of energetic particles in the heliosphere. GAS studied the uncharged gases (helium) of interstellar origin.
* '''Low-Energy Ion and Electron Experiment (HI-SCALE):''' investigated the energy, fluxes and distribution of energetic particles in the heliosphere.
* '''Cosmic Ray and Solar Particle Instrument (COSPIN):''' investigated the energy, fluxes and distribution of energetic particles and galactic cosmic rays in the heliosphere.
* '''Solar X-ray and Cosmic Gamma-Ray Burst Instrument (GRB):''' studied cosmic gamma ray bursts and X-rays from solar flares.
* '''[[Galileo and Ulysses Dust Detectors|Dust Experiment (DUST)]]:''' Direct measurements of [[Interplanetary dust cloud|interplanetary]] and [[Cosmic dust|interstellar dust]] grains to investigate their properties as functions of the distance from the Sun and solar latitude.