Editing Uilleann pipes (section)

==History==
The first bagpipes to be well attested for Ireland were similar, if not identical, to the Scottish Highland bagpipes that are now played in Scotland. These are known as the "[[Great Irish Warpipes]]". In Irish and [[Scottish Gaelic language|Scottish Gaelic]], this instrument was called the {{lang|ga|píob mhór}} ("great pipe").

While the mouth-blown warpipe was alive and well upon the battlefields of France and other parts of Europe, it had almost disappeared in Ireland. The union or ''uilleann'' pipe emerged during the early 18th century around the same time as the development of the bellows-driven [[Northumbrian smallpipes]] and the bellows-driven [[Border pipes|Scottish Lowland bagpipes]]. All three instruments were far quieter and sweeter in tone than their mouth-blown predecessors. Essentially their design required the joining of a bellows under the right arm, which pumped air via a tube to a leather bag under the left arm, which in turn supplied air at a constant pressure to the chanter and the drones (and regulators in the case of the Irish Uilleann pipes). Geoghegan's tutor of the 1740s calls this early form of the uilleann pipes the "Pastoral or New bagpipe". The [[Pastoral pipes]] were bellows blown and played in either a seated or standing position. The conical bored [[chanter]] was played "open", that is, [[legato]], unlike the uilleann pipes, which can also be played "closed", that is, [[staccato]]. The early Pastoral pipes had two [[Drone (music)|drones]], and later examples had one (or rarely, two) regulator(s). The Pastoral and later flat set Union pipes developed with ideas on the instrument being traded back-and-forth between Ireland, Scotland and England,<ref name = Cheape/><ref>G. Woolf 'Chanter Design and Construction Methods of the Early Makers', Sean Reid Society Journal; vol. 2 no 4 (2002).</ref> around the 18th and early 19th centuries.

The earliest surviving sets of uilleann pipes date from the second half of the 18th century, but it must be said that datings are not definitive. Only recently has scientific attention begun to be paid to the instrument, and problems relating to various stages of its development have yet to be resolved. The Uilleann pipes or union pipes might have originated from the Pastoral pipes (Border pipes, Northumbrian pipes, Scottish smallpipes) and gained popularity in Ireland within the Protestant Anglo-Irish community and its gentlemen pipers, who could afford such expensive hand-made instruments. The Irish uilleann pipes are far more elaborate in their design, and their development is likely to have occurred among the well-to-do. Certainly many of the early players in Ireland were Protestant, possibly the best known being the mid-18th-century piper Jackson from Co Limerick and the 18th-century [[Tandragee]] blind pipemaker William Kennedy. The famous Rowsome family from Co. Wexford were also [[Church of Ireland]] until the mid-late 19th century. The Uilleann pipes were often used by the Protestant clergy, who employed them as an alternative to the church organ.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The companion to Irish traditional music |date=1999 |publisher=Cork Univ. Press |isbn=978-1-85918-148-5 |editor-last=Vallely |editor-first=Fintan |edition=1. publ |location=Cork, Ireland}}</ref> As late as the 19th century the instrument was still commonly associated with the Anglo-Irish, e.g. the Anglican clergyman [[Canon James Goodman]] (1828–1896) from Kerry, who had his tailor-made uilleann pipes buried with him at Creagh (Church of Ireland) cemetery near [[Baltimore, County Cork]]. His friend, and Trinity College colleague, John Hingston from [[Skibbereen]] also played the uilleann pipes. Another piping friend of Canon Goodman, Alderman Phair of Cork (founder of the pipers club in Cork in the 1890s) had Goodman's pipes recovered from Creagh cemetery. They were later donated to Cork piper Michael O'Riabhaigh, who had re-established the (by then extinct) pipers club in Cork in the 1960s.