Editing Turkish language (section)

== History ==
{{see also|Turkish people|Turkic peoples#History}}
[[File:Irk bitig 07.jpg|thumb|The 9th-century ''[[Irk Bitig]]'' or "Book of Divination"]]
The earliest known [[Old Turkic language|Old Turkic inscriptions]] are the three monumental [[Orkhon inscriptions]] found in modern [[Mongolia]]. Erected in honour of the prince [[Kul Tigin]] and his brother Emperor [[Bilge Khagan]], these date back to the [[Second Turkic Khaganate]] (dated 682–744 CE).<ref>{{cite book|last=Erdal|first=Marcel|title=A Grammar Of Old Turkic|date=March 2004}}</ref> After the discovery and excavation of these monuments and associated stone slabs by Russian archaeologists in the wider area surrounding the [[Orkhon Valley]] between 1889 and 1893, it became established that the language on the inscriptions was the [[Old Turkic language]] written using the [[Old Turkic alphabet]], which has also been referred to as "Turkic runes" or "runiform" due to a superficial similarity to the [[Germanic languages|Germanic]] [[runic alphabet]]s.<ref name=runiform>{{cite web|url=http://www.runiform.lingfil.uu.se/|title=A Database of Turkic Runiform Inscriptions|access-date=2017-03-26|archive-date=2017-03-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170326231149/http://www.runiform.lingfil.uu.se/|url-status=live}}</ref>

With the [[Turkic expansion]] during Early Middle Ages ({{Circa|6th}}–11th centuries), peoples speaking Turkic languages spread across [[Central Asia]], covering a vast geographical region stretching from [[Siberia]] all the way to [[Europe]] and the [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]]. The [[Seljuq dynasty|Seljuqs]] of the [[Oghuz Turks]], in particular, brought their language, [[Oghuz languages|Oghuz]]—the direct ancestor of today's Turkish language—into [[Anatolia]] during the 11th century.<ref name="Findley">{{cite book|last=Findley|first=Carter V.|title=The Turks in World History|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=October 2004|isbn=0-19-517726-6}}</ref> Also during the 11th century, an early linguist of the Turkic languages, [[Mahmud al-Kashgari]] from the [[Kara-Khanid Khanate]], published the first comprehensive Turkic language dictionary and map of the geographical distribution of Turkic speakers in the ''[[Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk]]'' ({{lang|ar|ديوان لغات الترك}}).<ref name="Soucek">{{cite book |last=Soucek|first=Svat|title=A History of Inner Asia|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofinneras00souc|url-access=registration|publisher=Cambridge University Press|date=2000|isbn=978-0-521-65169-1}}</ref>

===Ottoman Turkish===
[[File:Oghusenbuchmuseum.jpeg|thumb|The 15th century ''[[Book of Dede Korkut]]'']]
{{Main|Ottoman Turkish}}
{{See also|Old Anatolian Turkish}}
Following the adoption of [[Islam]] around the year 950 by the [[Kara-Khanid Khanate]] and the [[Seljuq dynasty|Seljuq Turks]], who are both regarded as the ethnic and cultural ancestors of the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]], the administrative language of these states acquired a large collection of loanwords from [[Arabic]] and [[Persian language|Persian]]. [[Turkish literature]] during the Ottoman period, particularly [[Ottoman poetry|Divan poetry]], was heavily influenced by Persian, including the adoption of poetic meters and a great quantity of imported words. The literary and official language during the [[Ottoman Empire]] period ({{Circa|1299}}–1922) is termed [[Ottoman Turkish language|Ottoman Turkish]], which was a mixture of Turkish, Persian, and Arabic that differed considerably and was largely unintelligible to the period's everyday Turkish. The everyday Turkish, known as ''kaba Türkçe'' or "vulgar Turkish", spoken by the less-educated lower and also rural members of society, contained a higher percentage of native vocabulary and served as basis for the modern Turkish language.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Balkans: Nationalism, War, and the Great Powers, 1804-1999 |last=Glenny |first=Misha |author-link=Misha Glenny |date=2001 |publisher=Penguin |location=New York |language=en|page=99}}</ref>

While visiting the region between [[Adıyaman]] and [[Adana]], [[Evliya Çelebi]] recorded the "Turkman language" and compared it with his own Turkish:
{| class="wikitable" rules="all" style="margin: 1em; background: #ffffff; border: 2px solid #aaa; font-size: 100%;" width="70%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|- bgcolor=#DDDDDD
| colspan=8 align="center" | Comparison of 17th-century Southern Anatolian Turkman, 17th-century elite, and modern standard Turkish dialects<ref>{{cite book |title=Evliyâ Çelebi Seyahatnâmesi: III |pages=174–175 |url=https://archive.org/details/EvliyelebiSeyahatnmesiIII/page/n174/mode/2up |access-date=17 October 2022}}</ref>
|- bgcolor=#f0f0f0 align="left"
! Turkman language         
! Ottoman Turkish
! Modern Turkish
! English
! Turkman language         
! Ottoman Turkish
! Modern Turkish
! English
|-style="background:#ccc;"
|-
| ''yalvaç'' ||  ''peygamber'' || ''peygamber'' || prophet || ''fakı'' ||  ''imâm'' || ''imam'' || [[imam]] 
|-
| ''yüce Çalap'' || ''Âli Allah''  || ''yüce Allah'' || mighty God || ''eyne'' || ''câmi'''  || ''cami'' || mosque
|-
| ''mezgit'' || ''mescid'' || ''mescit'' || mosque || ''gümeç'', ''lavâşa'', ''pişi'' || ''ekmek'' || ''ekmek'', ''lavaş'', ''pişi'' || bread, [[lavash]], [[boortsog]]
|-
| ''kekremsi'' || ''şarâb'' || ''şarap'' || wine || ''Kancarıdaydın?'' || ''Nerede idin?''  || ''Neredeydin?'' || Where were you?
|-
| ''Kancarı yılıgan be?'' || ''Nereye gidersin bire?'' || ''Nereye gidersin bre?'' || Where are you going? || ''Muhıdı geyen mi?'' || ''Ferâce giyermisin?'' || ''Ferace giyer misin?'' || Will you wear ''[[:wikt:ferace|ferace]]''?
|-
| ''Bargım yavıncıdı.'' || ''Karnım ağrıdı.'' || ''Karnım ağrıdı.'' || My stomach hurt. || ''şarıkdı'' || ''şehirli oldu'' || ''Şehirli oldu.'' || He/She/It became urban.
|-
|}

=== {{anchor|Turkish language reform}}Language reform and modern Turkish ===
{{Main|Turkish language reform}}
{{See also|Turkish alphabet reform|Replacement of loanwords in Turkish}}
{{Atatürk sidebar}}
After the foundation of the modern state of [[Turkey]] and the [[#Writing system|script reform]], the [[Turkish Language Association]] (TDK) was established in 1932 under the patronage of [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]], with the aim of conducting research on Turkish. One of the tasks of the newly established association was to initiate a [[language reform]] to replace [[loanword]]s of Arabic and Persian origin with Turkish equivalents.{{efn|See Lewis (2002) for a thorough treatment of the Turkish language reform.<ref name=lewis2002>{{cite book|last=Lewis|first=Geoffrey|title=The Turkish Language Reform: A Catastrophic Success|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2002|isbn=0-19-925669-1}}</ref>}} By banning the usage of imported words in the press,{{clarify|reason=This blanket statement needs to be more specific. Were words like "haber" or "hürriyet" (obviously "imported", i.e. borrowed) ever banned?|date=June 2021}} the association succeeded in removing several hundred foreign words from the language. While most of the words introduced to the language by the TDK were newly derived from Turkic roots, it also opted for reviving Old Turkish words which had not been used for centuries.<ref name="TDK History"/> In 1935, the TDK published a bilingual [[Ottoman Turkish|Ottoman-Turkish]]/Pure Turkish dictionary that documents the results of the language reform.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Szurek|first=Emmanuel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0FLoBgAAQBAJ&q=ottoman+turkish+dictionary+1935&pg=PA94|title=Order and Compromise: Government Practices in Turkey from the Late Ottoman Empire to the Early 21st Century|date=2015-02-17|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]]|isbn=978-90-04-28985-7|editor-last=Aymes|editor-first=Marc|pages=94|language=en|access-date=2021-08-03|archive-date=2023-01-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115123307/https://books.google.com/books?id=0FLoBgAAQBAJ&q=ottoman+turkish+dictionary+1935&pg=PA94|url-status=live}}</ref>

Owing to this sudden change in the language, older and younger people in Turkey started to differ in their vocabularies. While the generations born before the 1940s tend to use the older terms of Arabic or Persian origin, the younger generations favor new expressions. It is considered particularly ironic that Atatürk himself, in [[Nutuk|his lengthy speech]] to the new [[Grand National Assembly of Turkey|Parliament]] in 1927, used the formal style of Ottoman Turkish that had been common at the time amongst statesmen and the educated strata of society in the setting of formal speeches and documents. After the language reform, the Turkish education system discontinued the teaching of literary form of Ottoman Turkish and the speaking and writing ability of society atrophied to the point that, in later years, Turkish society would perceive the speech to be so alien to listeners that it had to be "translated" three times into modern Turkish: first in 1963, again in 1986, and most recently in 1995.{{efn|See Lewis (2002), pages 2-3.<ref name=lewis2002/> For the first two translations. For the third, see Bedi Yazıcı.<ref>{{cite web |author=Bedi Yazıcı |url=http://www.nutuk.org/ |title=Nutuk: Özgün metin ve çeviri (Atatürk's Speech: original text and translation) |access-date=2007-09-28 |language=tr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928221336/http://www.nutuk.org/ |archive-date=2007-09-28 |url-status=dead }}</ref>}}

The past few decades have seen the continuing work of the TDK to coin new Turkish words to express new concepts and technologies as they enter the language, mostly from English. Many of these new words, particularly information technology terms, have received widespread acceptance. However, the TDK is occasionally criticized for coining words which sound contrived and artificial. Some earlier changes—such as ''{{lang|tr|bölem}}'' to replace ''{{lang|tr|fırka}}'', "political party"—also failed to meet with popular approval (''{{lang|tr|fırka}}'' has been replaced by the French loanword ''{{lang|tr|parti}}''). Some words restored from Old Turkic have taken on specialized meanings; for example ''{{lang|tr|betik}}'' (originally meaning "book") is now used to mean "[[scripting language|script]]" in [[computer science]].<ref name=cokbilgi>{{cite web|title=Öz Türkçeleştirme Çalışmaları|url=http://www.cokbilgi.com/yazi/oz-turkcelestirme-calismalari/|work=Çok Bilgi|access-date=29 May 2014|archive-date=14 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714065848/https://www.cokbilgi.com/yazi/oz-turkcelestirme-calismalari/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Some examples of modern Turkish words and the old loanwords are:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! align=left | Ottoman Turkish
! align=left | Modern Turkish
! align=left | English translation
! align=left | Comments
|-
| ''{{lang|ota|مثلث}} ({{lang|tr|müselles}})'' || ''{{lang|tr|üçgen}}'' || triangle || Compound of the noun ''{{lang|tr|üç}}'' ("three") and the suffix ''{{lang|tr|-gen}}''
|-
| ''{{lang|ota|طیاره}} ({{lang|tr|tayyare}})'' || ''{{lang|tr|uçak}}'' || aeroplane || Derived from the verb ''{{lang|tr|uçmak}}'' ("to fly"). The word was first proposed to mean "airport".
|-
| ''{{lang|ota|نسبت}} ({{lang|tr|nispet}})'' || ''{{lang|tr|oran}}'' || ratio || The old word is still used in the language today together with the new one. The modern word is from the Old Turkic verb ''{{lang|otk|or-}}'' ("to cut").
|-
| ''{{lang|ota|شمال}} ({{lang|tr|şimal}})'' || ''{{lang|tr|kuzey}}'' || north || Derived from the Old Turkic noun ''{{lang|otk|kuz}}'' ("cold and dark place", "shadow"). The word is restored from [[Middle Turkic languages|Middle Turkic]] usage.<ref>{{cite book |author=Mütercim Asım |title=Burhân-ı Katı Tercemesi |location=İstanbul |year=1799 |language=tr }}</ref>
|-
| ''{{lang|ota|تشرینِ اول}} ({{lang|tr|teşrinievvel}})'' || ''{{lang|tr|ekim}}'' || October || The noun ''{{lang|tr|ekim}}'' means "sowing", referring to the planting of cereal seeds in autumn, which is widespread in Turkey
|}
{{main list|List of replaced loanwords in Turkish}}