Editing Turkic languages (section)

==History==
{{See also|Proto-Turkic language|Old Turkic|Turkic peoples|Turkic migration}}

===Pre-history===
The homeland of the [[Turkic peoples]] and their language is suggested to be somewhere between the [[Trans-Caspia|Transcaspian steppe]] and [[Northeastern Asia]] ([[Manchuria]]),<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Yunusbayev |first1=Bayazit |last2=Metspalu |first2=Mait |last3=Metspalu |first3=Ene |last4=Valeev |first4=Albert |last5=Litvinov |first5=Sergei |last6=Valiev |first6=Ruslan |last7=Akhmetova |first7=Vita |last8=Balanovska |first8=Elena |last9=Balanovsky |first9=Oleg |display-authors=3 |date=2015-04-21 |title=The Genetic Legacy of the Expansion of Turkic-Speaking Nomads across Eurasia |journal=PLOS Genetics |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=e1005068 |doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.1005068 |issn=1553-7390 |pmc=4405460 |pmid=25898006 |quote=The origin and early dispersal history of the Turkic peoples is disputed, with candidates for their ancient homeland ranging from the Transcaspian steppe to Manchuria in Northeast Asia, |doi-access=free }}</ref> with genetic evidence pointing to the region near [[South Central Siberia|South Siberia]] and [[Mongolia]] as the "Inner Asian Homeland" of the Turkic ethnicity.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Yunusbayev |first1=Bayazit |last2=Metspalu |first2=Mait |last3=Metspalu |first3=Ene |last4=Valeev |first4=Albert |last5=Litvinov |first5=Sergei |last6=Valiev |first6=Ruslan |last7=Akhmetova |first7=Vita |last8=Balanovska |first8=Elena |last9=Balanovsky |first9=Oleg |display-authors=3 |date=2015-04-21 |title=The Genetic Legacy of the Expansion of Turkic-Speaking Nomads across Eurasia |journal=PLOS Genetics |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=e1005068 |doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.1005068 |issn=1553-7390 |pmc=4405460 |pmid=25898006 |quote="Thus, our study provides the first genetic evidence supporting one of the previously hypothesized IAHs to be near Mongolia and South Siberia." |doi-access=free }}</ref> Similarly several linguists, including [[Juha Janhunen]], [[Roger Blench]] and Matthew Spriggs, suggest that modern-day [[Mongolia]] is the homeland of the early Turkic language.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=48iKiprsRMwC&pg=PA203 |title=Archaeology and Language II: Archaeological Data and Linguistic Hypotheses |last1=Blench |first1=Roger |last2=Spriggs |first2=Matthew |year=2003 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781134828692 |language=en |page=203 |access-date=9 April 2020 |archive-date=15 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115124027/https://books.google.com/books?id=48iKiprsRMwC&pg=PA203 |url-status=live }}</ref> Relying on Proto-Turkic lexical items about the climate, topography, flora, fauna, people's modes of subsistence, Turkologist [[Peter Benjamin Golden]] locates the Proto-Turkic Urheimat in the southern, taiga-steppe zone of the [[Sayan mountains|Sayan]]-[[Altay mountains|Altay]] region.<ref>Golden, Peter Benjamin (2011). "Ethnogenesis in the tribal zone: The Shaping of the Turks". ''[https://www.academia.edu/9609971 Studies on the peoples and cultures of the Eurasian steppes]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026130626/https://www.academia.edu/9609971/Studies_on_the_Peoples_and_Cultures_of_the_Eurasian_Steppes |date=26 October 2020 }}''. Bucureşti: Ed. Acad. Române. pp. 35–37.</ref>

Extensive contact took place between [[Proto-Turkic language|Proto-Turks]] and [[Proto-Mongols]] approximately during the first millennium BC; the shared cultural tradition between the two [[Eurasian nomads|Eurasian nomadic]] groups is called the "[[Turco-Mongol]]" tradition. The two groups shared a similar religion system, [[Tengrism]], and there exists a multitude of evident loanwords between Turkic languages and [[Mongolic languages]]. Although the loans were bidirectional, today Turkic loanwords constitute the largest foreign component in Mongolian vocabulary.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Clark |first=Larry V. |date=1980 |title=Turkic Loanwords in Mongol, I: The Treatment of Non-initial S, Z, Š, Č |journal=[[Central Asiatic Journal]] |volume=24 |issue=1/2 |pages=36–59 |jstor=41927278}}</ref>

Italian historian and philologist [[Igor de Rachewiltz]] noted a significant distinction of the [[Chuvash language]] from other Turkic languages. According to him, the Chuvash language does not share certain common characteristics with Turkic languages to such a degree that some scholars consider it an independent Chuvash family similar to Uralic and Turkic languages. Turkic classification of Chuvash was seen as a compromise solution for the classification purposes.<ref>''Rachewiltz, Igor de.'' [http://сувары.рф/node/754 Introduction to Altaic philology: Turkic, Mongolian, Manchu] / by Igor de Rachewiltz and Volker Rybatzki; with the collaboration of Hung Chin-fu. p. cm. — (Handbook of Oriental Studies = Handbuch der Orientalistik. Section 8, Central Asia; 20). — Leiden; Boston, 2010. — P. 7.</ref>

Some lexical and extensive typological similarities between Turkic and the nearby [[Tungusic languages|Tungusic]] and [[Mongolic languages|Mongolic]] families, as well as the [[Korean language|Korean]] and [[Japonic languages|Japonic]] families has in more recent years been instead attributed to prehistoric contact amongst the group, sometimes referred to as the [[Sprachbund#Northeast Asia|Northeast Asian sprachbund]]. A more recent (circa first millennium BC) contact between "core Altaic" (Turkic, Mongolic, and Tungusic) is distinguished from this, due to the existence of definitive common words that appear to have been mostly borrowed from Turkic into Mongolic, and later from Mongolic into Tungusic, as Turkic borrowings into Mongolic significantly outnumber Mongolic borrowings into Turkic, and Turkic and Tungusic do not share any words that do not also exist in Mongolic.

[[File:Kuli Chur inscription.jpg|thumb|right|[[Old Turkic language|Old Turkic]] [[Kul-chur inscription]] with the [[Old Turkic alphabet]] ({{c.|8th century}}). [[Töv Province]], Mongolia]]
Turkic languages also show some Chinese [[loanword]]s that point to early contact during the time of [[Proto-Turkic language|Proto-Turkic]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z7i5CAAAQBAJ&q=turkic+mongolian+related&pg=PA76|title=The Turkic Languages|last1=Johanson|first1=Lars|last2=Johanson|first2=Éva Ágnes Csató|date=2015-04-29|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781136825279|language=en|access-date=22 November 2020|archive-date=15 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115124027/https://books.google.com/books?id=Z7i5CAAAQBAJ&q=turkic+mongolian+related&pg=PA76|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Early written records===
[[File:Irk bitig 07.jpg|thumb|right|The 9th-century ''[[Irk Bitig]]'' ("Book of Divination") from [[Dunhuang]], written in [[Old Uyghur language]] with the [[Old Turkic script|Orkhon script]], is an important [[Ancient literature|literary source]] for early [[Turkic mythology|Turko]]-[[Mongol mythology|Mongol]] [[mythology]].]]

The first established records of the Turkic languages are the eighth century AD [[Orkhon inscriptions]] by the [[Göktürks]], recording the [[Old Turkic]] language, which were discovered in 1889 in the [[Orkhon Valley]] in Mongolia. The ''Compendium of the Turkic Dialects'' (''[[Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk|Divânü Lügati't-Türk]]''), written during the 11th century AD by [[Mahmud al-Kashgari|Kaşgarlı Mahmud]] of the [[Kara-Khanid Khanate]], constitutes an early linguistic treatment of the family. The ''Compendium'' is the first comprehensive dictionary of the Turkic languages and also includes the first known map of the Turkic speakers' geographical distribution. It mainly pertains to the [[Oghuz languages|Southwestern branch]] of the family.<ref name="Soucek">{{cite book|last=Soucek|first=Svat|title=A History of Inner Asia|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofinneras00souc|url-access=registration|publisher=Cambridge University Press|date=March 2000|isbn=978-0-521-65169-1}}</ref>

The [[Codex Cumanicus]] (12th–13th centuries AD) concerning the [[Kipchak languages|Northwestern branch]] is another early linguistic manual, between the [[Kipchak language]] and [[Latin]], used by the [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholic]] [[Missionary|missionaries]] sent to the Western [[Cumans]] inhabiting a region corresponding to present-day [[Hungary]] and [[Romania]]. The earliest records of the language spoken by [[Volga Bulgaria|Volga Bulgars]], debatably the parent or a distant relative of [[Chuvash language]], are dated to the 13th–14th centuries AD.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9781003243809/turkic-languages-lars-johanson-%C3%A9va-csat%C3%B3 |title=The Turkic Languages |year=2021 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781003243809 |editor-last=Johanson |editor-first=Lars |doi=10.4324/9781003243809 |quote="Another Turkic people in the Volga area are the Chuvash, who, like the Tatars, regard themselves as descendants of the Volga Bulghars in the historical and cultural sense. It is clear that Chuvash belongs to the Oghur branch of Turkic, as the language of the Volga Bulghars did, but no direct evidence for diachronic development between the two has been established. As there were several distinct Oghur languages in the Middle Ages, Volga Bulghar could represent one of these and Chuvash another." |editor-last2=Csató |editor-first2=Éva Á}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Agyagási |first=K. |date=2020 |title=A Volga Bulgarian Classifier: A Historical and Areal Linguistic Study |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338899820 |journal=University of Debrecen |language=en |volume=3 |pages=9 |quote="Modern Chuvash is the only descendant language of the Ogur branch. The ancestors of its speakers left the Khazar Empire in the 8th century and migrated to the region at the confluence of the Volga and Kama rivers, where they founded the Volga Bulgarian Empire in the 10th century. In the central Volga region three Volga Bulgarian dialects developed, and Chuvash is the descendant of the 3rd dialect of Volga Bulgarian (Agyagási 2019: 160–183). Sources refer to it as a separate language beginning with 1508"}}</ref>

===Geographical expansion and development===

[[File:Yuntai Uyghur east wall.jpg|thumb|right| [[Yuan dynasty]] Buddhist inscription written in [[Old Uyghur language]] with [[Old Uyghur alphabet]] on the east wall of the [[Cloud Platform at Juyong Pass]]]]

With the [[Turkic peoples#Steppe expansions|Turkic expansion]] during the [[Early Middle Ages]] (c.&nbsp;6th–11th centuries AD), Turkic languages, in the course of just a few centuries, spread across [[Central Asia]], from [[Siberia]] to the [[Mediterranean]]. Various terminologies from the Turkic languages have passed into [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Urdu]], [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]], [[Russian language|Russian]],<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Poppe|first=Nicolas J.|title=A Survey of Studies of Turkic Loan-Words in the Russian Language|date=1966|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41926932|journal=Central Asiatic Journal|volume=11|issue=4|pages=287–310|jstor=41926932|issn=0008-9192|access-date=28 November 2021|archive-date=28 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128225545/https://www.jstor.org/stable/41926932|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Chinese language|Chinese]], [[Mongolian language|Mongolian]], [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] and to a lesser extent, [[Arabic language|Arabic]].<ref name="Findley">{{cite book|last=Findley|first=Carter V.|title=The Turks in World History|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=October 2004|isbn=978-0-19-517726-8}}</ref>{{Verify source|date=May 2018}}

The geographical distribution of Turkic-speaking peoples across [[Eurasia]] since the Ottoman era ranges from the North-East of [[Siberia]] to Turkey in the West.<ref>[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=90010 Turkic Language tree] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120914151437/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=90010 |date=14 September 2012 }} entries provide the information on the Turkic-speaking regions.</ref> (See picture in the box on the right above.)

For centuries, the Turkic-speaking peoples have migrated extensively and intermingled continuously, and their languages have been influenced mutually and through [[language contact|contact]] with the surrounding languages, especially the [[Iranian languages|Iranian]], [[Slavic languages|Slavic]], and [[Mongolic languages]].<ref name="Johanson">{{Cite book |author=Johanson |first=Lars |url=https://www.academia.edu/84611709 |title=Discoveries on the Turkic linguistic map |publisher=Swedish Research Institute in Istanbul |year=2001 |isbn=91-86884-10-7 |location=Stockholm |publication-date=2001 |access-date=July 17, 2024}}</ref>

This has obscured the historical developments within each language and/or language group, and as a result, there exist several systems to classify the Turkic languages. The modern genetic classification schemes for Turkic are still largely indebted to Samoilovich (1922).{{citation needed|date=October 2017}}

The Turkic languages may be divided into six branches:<ref name="historyofturkic">Lars Johanson, The History of Turkic. In Lars Johanson & Éva Ágnes Csató (eds), The Turkic Languages, London, New York: Routledge, 81–125, 1998.[http://www.turkiclanguages.com/www/classification.html Classification of Turkic languages] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110408063746/http://www.turkiclanguages.com/www/classification.html |date=8 April 2011 }}</ref>

{{tree list}}
*'''Turkic'''
**[[Common Turkic languages|Common Turkic]]
***[[Oghuz languages|Oghuz Turkic]] (Southwestern)
***[[Kipchak languages|Kipchak Turkic]] (Northwestern)
***[[Karluk languages|Karluk Turkic]] (Southeastern)
***[[Siberian Turkic languages|Siberian Turkic]] (Northeastern)
***[[Argu languages|Arghu Turkic]]
**[[Oghuric languages|Oghur Turkic]]
{{tree list/end}}

In this classification, [[Oghuric languages|Oghur Turkic]] is also referred to as Lir-Turkic, and the other branches are subsumed under the title of Shaz-Turkic or [[Common Turkic]]. It is not clear when these two major types of Turkic can be assumed to have diverged.<ref>See the main article on [[Oghuric languages|Lir-Turkic]].</ref>

With less certainty, the Southwestern, Northwestern, Southeastern and Oghur groups may further be summarized as '''West Turkic''', the Northeastern, Kyrgyz-Kipchak, and Arghu (Khalaj) groups as '''East Turkic'''.<ref name="Ethnologue Turkic">{{cite web|editor=Gordon, Raymond G. Jr. |author-link=Ethnologue|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=90010|title=Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Fifteenth edition. Language Family Trees – Turkic|access-date=2007-03-18|year=2005|archive-date=14 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120914151437/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=90010|url-status=live}} The reliability of ''Ethnologue'' lies mainly in its statistics whereas its framework for the internal classification of Turkic is still based largely on Baskakov (1962) and the collective work in Deny et al. (1959–1964). A more up-to-date alternative to classifying these languages on internal comparative grounds is to be found in the work of Johanson and his co-workers.</ref>

Geographically and linguistically, the languages of the Northwestern and Southeastern subgroups belong to the central Turkic languages, while the Northeastern and Khalaj languages are the so-called peripheral languages.{{cn|date=October 2024}}

Hruschka, et al. (2014)<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2014.10.064 |pmid=25532895 |pmc=4291143 |title=Detecting Regular Sound Changes in Linguistics as Events of Concerted Evolution 10.1016/j.cub.2014.10.064 |journal=Current Biology |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=1–9 |year=2015 |last1=Hruschka |first1=Daniel J. |last2=Branford |first2=Simon |last3=Smith |first3=Eric D. |last4=Wilkins |first4=Jon |last5=Meade |first5=Andrew |last6=Pagel |first6=Mark |last7=Bhattacharya |first7=Tanmoy }}</ref> use [[computational phylogenetic]] methods to calculate a tree of Turkic based on phonological [[sound change]]s.
[[File:LinguisticDiagramTurkic.png|thumb|400x400px|A classification scheme of all the Turkic languages]]

===Schema===
The following [[isogloss]]es are traditionally used in the classification of the Turkic languages:<ref>{{cite book|last=Самойлович|first=А. Н.|author-link=Alexander Samoylovich|year=1922|script-title=ru:Некоторые дополнения к классификации турецких языков|url=http://xn--90ax2c.xn--p1ai/catalog/000200_000018_RU_NLR_INFOCOMM15_1000117889/|language=ru|access-date=19 July 2018|archive-date=19 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719203843/http://xn--90ax2c.xn--p1ai/catalog/000200_000018_RU_NLR_INFOCOMM15_1000117889/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="historyofturkic"/>
* '''[[Rhotacism (sound change)|Rhotacism]]''' (or in some views, zetacism), e.g. in the last consonant of the word for "nine" *'''tokkuz'''. This separates the Oghur branch, which exhibits /r/, from the rest of Turkic, which exhibits /z/. In this case, rhotacism refers to the development of *-/r/, *-/z/, and *-/d/ to /r/,*-/k/,*-/kh/ in this branch.<ref>Larry Clark, "Chuvash", in ''The Turkic Languages'', eds. Lars Johanson & Éva Ágnes Csató (London–NY: Routledge, 2006), 434–452.</ref> See Antonov and Jacques (2012)<ref>Anton Antonov & Guillaume Jacques, [https://www.academia.edu/1495118/Turkic_kumus_silver_and_the_lambdaism_vs_sigmatism_debate "Turkic kümüš 'silver' and the lambdaism vs sigmatism debate"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115124038/https://www.academia.edu/1495118/Turkic_kumus_silver_and_the_lambdaism_vs_sigmatism_debate |date=15 January 2023 }}, ''Turkic Languages'' 15, no. 2 (2012): 151–70.</ref> on the debate concerning rhotacism and lambdacism in Turkic.
* '''Intervocalic *d''', e.g. the second consonant in the word for "foot" *hadaq
* '''Suffix-final -G''', e.g. in the suffix *lIG, in e.g. *tāglïg
Additional isoglosses include:
* '''Preservation of word initial *h''', e.g. in the word for "foot" *hadaq. This separates Khalaj as a peripheral language.
* '''Denasalisation of palatal *ń''', e.g. in the word for "moon", *āń
<div class="noprint">
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size: 85%"
!rowspan="3"|Isogloss
!colspan="17"|Common Turkic
!rowspan="2"|Oguric
|-
!colspan="6"|Siberian
!colspan="4"|Oghuz
!colspan="2"|Karluk
!colspan="3"|Kipchak
!Sayan
!Arghu
|-
!'''[[Old Turkic language|Old Turkic]]'''
!'''[[Altay language|Altay]]'''
!'''[[Western Yugur language|Western Yugur]]'''
!'''[[Khakas language|Khakas]]'''
!'''[[Sakha language|Sakha/Yakut]]'''
!'''[[Fuyu Kyrgyz language|Fu-yü Gyrgys]]'''
!'''[[Turkish language|Turkish]]'''
!'''[[Turkmen language|Turkmen]]'''
!'''[[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]]'''
![[Qashqai language|Qashqai]]
!'''[[Uzbek language|Uzbek]]'''
!'''[[Uyghur language|Uyghur]]'''
!'''[[Tatar language|Tatar]]'''
!'''[[Kazakh language|Kazakh]]'''
!'''[[Kyrgyz language|Kyrgyz]]'''
!'''[[Tuvan language|Tuvan]]'''
!'''[[Turkic Khalaj language|Khalaj]]'''
!'''[[Chuvash language|Chuvash]]'''
|-
|'''z/r''' (''nine'')
|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|toquz
|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|toɣus
|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|dohghus
|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|toɣïs
|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|toɣus
|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|doɣus
|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|dokuz
|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|dokuz
|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|doqquz
|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|doqquz
|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|toʻqqiz
|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|toqquz
|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|tuɣïz
|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|toğyz
|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|toɣuz
|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|tos
|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|toqquz
|style="background-color: #f1dfe5"|tăχăr
|-
|'''*h-''' (''foot'')
|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|adaq
|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|ayaq
|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|azaq
|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|azaq
|style="background-color: #dff1e0"|ataχ
|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|azïχ
|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|ayak
|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|aýak
|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|ayaq
|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|ayaq
|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|oyoq
|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|ayaq
|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|ayaq
|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|aiaq
|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|ayaq
|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|adaq
|style="background-color: #f1dfe5"|hadaq
|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|ura
|-
|'''*VdV''' (''foot'')
|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|adaq
|style="background-color: #ece0f0"|ayaq
|style="background-color: #f0f1df"|azaq
|style="background-color: #f0f1df"|azaχ
|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|hadaq
|style="background-color: #f0f1df"|azïχ
|style="background-color: #ece0f0"|ayak
|style="background-color: #ece0f0"|aýak
|style="background-color: #ece0f0"|ayaq
|style="background-color: #ece0f0"|ayaq
|style="background-color: #ece0f0"|oyoq
|style="background-color: #ece0f0"|ayaq
|style="background-color: #ece0f0"|ayaq
|style="background-color: #ece0f0"|aiaq
|style="background-color: #ece0f0"|ayaq
|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|adaq
|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|hadaq
|style="background-color: #f1dfe5"|ura
|-
|'''*-ɣ''' (''mountain'')
|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|tāɣ
|style="background-color: #f1dfe5"|tū
|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|taɣ
|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|taɣ
|style="background-color: #f1dfe5"|tıa
|style="background-color: #dff1e0"|daχ
|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|dağ*
|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|dag
|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|dağ
|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|daɣ
|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|togʻ
|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|tagh
|style="background-color: #ece0f0"|taw
|style="background-color: #ece0f0"|tau
|style="background-color: #f1dfe5"|tō
|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|daɣ
|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|tāɣ
|style="background-color: #f1dfe5"|tu
|-
|'''suffix *-lïɣ''' (''mountainous'')
|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|tāɣlïɣ
|style="background-color: #f1dfe5"|tūlu
|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|taɣliɣ
|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|
|style="background-color: #f1dfe5"|χayalaaχ
|style="background-color: #dff1e0"|daɣluɣ
|style="background-color: #dff1e0"|dağlı
|style="background-color: #dff1e0"|dagly
|style="background-color: #dff1e0"|dağlı
|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|daɣlïɣ
|style="background-color: #dff1e0"|togʻlik
|style="background-color: #dff1e0"|taghliq
|style="background-color: #f1dfe5"|tawlï
|style="background-color: #f1dfe5"|tauly
|style="background-color: #f1dfe5"|tōlū
|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|
|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|
|style="background-color: #f1dfe5"|tullă
|}
</div>
<nowiki>*</nowiki>In the standard Istanbul dialect of Turkish, the ''[[ğ]]'' in ''dağ'' and ''dağlı'' is not realized as a consonant, but as a slight lengthening of the preceding vowel.