Editing Tufts University (section)

===19th century===
[[Image:Tufts1853.jpg|thumb|Tufts College, c. 1854]]
In the 1840s, the [[Universalist Church of America|Universalist Church]] wanted to open a college in New England, and [[Charles Tufts]] donated 20 acres to the church in 1852 to help them achieve this goal. Charles Tufts had inherited the land, a barren hill which was one of the highest points in the Boston area, called [[Walnut Hill, Medford, Massachusetts|Walnut Hill]], and when asked by a family member what he intended to do with the land, he said "I will put a light on it." His 20-acre donation (then valued at $20,000) is still at the heart of Tufts' now-150-acre campus, straddling [[Somerville, Massachusetts|Somerville]] and [[Medford, Massachusetts|Medford]]. It was also in 1852 that the [[Commonwealth of Massachusetts]] chartered Tufts College, noting the college should promote "virtue and piety and learning in such of the languages and liberal and useful arts as shall be recommended." During his tenure, Hosea Ballou spent a year travelling and studying in the United Kingdom. The methods of instruction which he initiated were based on the tutorials that were conducted in the [[University of Oxford]] and the [[University of Edinburgh]]. Now more than 170 years old, Tufts is the third-oldest college in the Boston area.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://colleges.niche.com/rankings/overall-experience/top-oldest-colleges/massachusetts/ |title=Massachusetts's Oldest Colleges – College Rankings – College Prowler |publisher=Colleges.niche.com |access-date=August 14, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814054952/http://colleges.niche.com/rankings/overall-experience/top-oldest-colleges/massachusetts/ |archive-date=August 14, 2014 }}</ref>

Having been one of the biggest influences in the establishment of the college, [[Hosea Ballou II]] became the first president in 1853, and College Hall, the first building on campus, was completed the following year. That building now bears Ballou's name.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dl.tufts.edu//view_text.jsp?urn=tufts:central:dca:UA069:UA069.005.DO.00001&chapter=B00006 |title=Tufts Digital Library: tufts:central:dca:UA069:UA069.005.DO.00001 |access-date=July 17, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100629164157/http://dl.tufts.edu/view_text.jsp?urn=tufts:central:dca:UA069:UA069.005.DO.00001&chapter=B00006 |archive-date=June 29, 2010 |url-status=dead  }}</ref> The campus opened in August 1854. President Ballou died in 1861 and was succeeded by [[Alonzo Ames Miner]]. Though not a college graduate, his presidency was marked by several advances. These include the establishment of preparatory schools for Tufts which include [[Goddard College|Goddard Seminary]], [[Westbrook College|Westbrook Seminary]], and [[Dean College|Dean Academy]]. During the [[American Civil War|Civil War]] the college actively supported the Union cause. The mansion of Major George L. Stearns which stood on part of the campus was a station on the [[Underground Railroad]]. In addition to having the largest classes spring up, 63 graduates served in the Union army. The first course of a three-year program leading to a degree in civil engineering was established in 1865, the same year MIT was founded. By 1869, the [[Crane Theological School]] was organized.<ref>{{Cite AmCyc|wstitle=Tufts College}}</ref>

Miner's successor [[Elmer Capen]] was the first president to be a Tufts alumnus. During his time, one of the earliest innovators was [[Amos Dolbear]]. In 1875, as chair of the physics department, he installed a working telephone which connected his lab in Ballou Hall to his home on Professors Row. Two years later [[Alexander Graham Bell]] would receive the patent. Dolbear's work in Tufts was later continued by [[Guglielmo Marconi|Marconi]] and [[Nikola Tesla|Tesla]].<ref name=thennow>{{cite web |url=http://emerald.tufts.edu/alumni/pdfs/then&now.pdf |title=Then & Now |publisher=Tufts University |access-date=March 24, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160403050314/http://emerald.tufts.edu/alumni/pdfs/then%26now.pdf |archive-date=April 3, 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Other famous scholars include [[William Leslie Hooper]] who in addition to serving as acting president, designed the first slotted armature for dynamos. His student at the college, [[Frederick Stark Pearson]], would eventually become one of America's pioneers of the electrical power industry. He became responsible for the development of the electric power and electric streetcar systems which many cities in South America and Europe used. Another notable figure is [[Stephen M. Babcock]] who developed the first practical test to determine the amount of butterfat in milk. Since its development in the college, the Babcock Test has hardly been modified. Expansion of the chemistry and biology departments were largely led by scholars [[Arthur Michael]], who was one of the first organic chemists in the U.S., and [[John Sterling Kingsley]], who was one of the first scholars of comparative anatomy.<ref>Tufts College (1952). ''Tufts College: A Centennial History''. Medford, Massachusetts.</ref><ref name="Russell, Miller E. 1966">Russell, Miller E. (1966). ''Light on the Hill: A History of Tufts College (1852–1952)''.</ref>

[[P. T. Barnum]] was one of the earliest benefactors of Tufts College, and the Barnum Museum of Natural History (Barnum Hall) was constructed in 1884 with funds donated by him to house his collection of animal specimens and the stuffed hide of [[Jumbo]] the elephant, who would become the university's mascot. The building stood until April 14, 1975, when a fire gutted Barnum Hall, destroying the entire collection.<ref>McClellan, Andrew." P. T. Barnum, Jumbo the Elephant, and the Barnum Museum of Natural History at Tufts University." ''Journal of the History of Collections.''. V. 24 (March): 45–62.</ref>

On July 15, 1892, the Tufts Board of Trustees voted "that the College be opened to women in the undergraduate departments on the same terms and conditions as men." Metcalf Hall opened in 1893 and served as the dormitory for women. At the same meeting, the trustees voted to create a graduate school faculty and to offer the [[PhD]] degree in biology and chemistry. In 1893 the Medical School opened and in 1899 the Boston Dental College was integrated into the [[Tufts University School of Dental Medicine|university]]. In 1890, the Department of Electrical Engineering was created, and in 1892–1893 the course of three-year program in civil engineering was extended to four years. With the advent of the four-year program the degrees granted were bachelor of civil or electrical engineering. Tufts College added the Department of Mechanical Engineering and the Department of Chemical Engineering in 1894 and 1898, respectively. In 1898, the trustees voted to formally establish an undergraduate College of Engineering.<ref name="Russell, Miller E. 1966"/>